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Adult congenital heart disease
Adult congenital heart disease
Continued advances in the understanding and management of congenital heart disease (CHD) mean that over 90% of children bo...
Anaesthesia for patients with cardiac disease undergoing non-cardiac surgery
Anaesthesia for patients with cardiac disease undergoing non-cardiac surgery
Cardiovascular comorbidities are amongst the most important modifiable risk factors in patients undergoing non-cardiac sur...
Cardiac arrhythmias in the critically ill adult: an update
Cardiac arrhythmias in the critically ill adult: an update
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Drugs affecting the heart: anti-hypertensives
Drugs affecting the heart: anti-hypertensives
Hypertension is a significant public health challenge with more than 50% of the UK population over 60 years of age sufferi...
The mouth, stomach and intestines
The mouth, stomach and intestines
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a series of continuous, specialized tubular organs that begin at the mouth and extend t...
Digestion and absorption
Digestion and absorption
Digestion is the breakdown of food into particles small enough to cross the cellular barrier of the gastrointestinal (GI) ...
Gut motility and its control
Gut motility and its control
In order for the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to carry out its function of digesting and absorbing nutrients, it uses a car...
Fluid and electrolyte imbalance in renal dysfunction
Fluid and electrolyte imbalance in renal dysfunction
Kidneys have a major role in maintaining homeostasis of body fluids, electrolytes concentrations, acid–base balance, and o...
Pancreatitis: critical care update
Pancreatitis: critical care update
Acute pancreatitis affects around 56/100,000 population in the UK.1 The majority of patients present with an acute disease...
Intensive care unit-acquired weakness
Intensive care unit-acquired weakness
The first subtype of intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICUAW) – critical illness polyneuropathy – was first described...
Gastrointestinal problems in intensive care
Gastrointestinal problems in intensive care
Mechanical GI obstruction presents with nausea, regurgitation or vomiting, increased gastric residual volume (GRV), abdomi...
Decompensated liver cirrhosis
Decompensated liver cirrhosis
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Temperature measurement
Temperature measurement
The terms heat and temperature are two distinct but closely related concepts. The core difference between heat and tempera...
Nutritional support in the critically ill
Nutritional support in the critically ill
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Anaesthesia for shoulder surgery – phrenic nerve-sparing techniques
Anaesthesia for shoulder surgery – phrenic nerve-sparing techniques
When conservative treatment, including rest, oral analgesics and physiotherapy, fail to manage shoulder pain, surgical tre...
Regional anaesthesia for orthopaedic procedures
Regional anaesthesia for orthopaedic procedures
Regional anaesthesia has found its uses in many aspects of orthopaedic surgery including, more recently, spine surgery. Ne...
Anaesthesia for joint replacement surgery
Anaesthesia for joint replacement surgery
Joint replacement surgery aims to reduce pain, improve mobility and quality of life. Demand for such surgeries, particular...
Anaesthesia for fractured neck of femur
Anaesthesia for fractured neck of femur
Fracture of the femoral neck is a serious and costly injury in older adults and is a substantial cause of morbidity and mo...
Perioperative transthoracic echocardiography applications in orthogeriatric patients
Perioperative transthoracic echocardiography applications in orthogeriatric patients
The combination of low birth rate and greater life expectancy has created an ageing population exposed to orthopaedic trau...
Physics of gases
Physics of gases
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Measurement of gas flow and volume
Measurement of gas flow and volume
The ability to accurately and precisely measure volume and flow of gases is a fundamental component in the safe practice o...
Central venous and pulmonary artery catheters
Central venous and pulmonary artery catheters
The PAC, invented by Jeremy Swan and William Ganz in 1970, is a 150cm-long, balloon-tipped catheter inserted into a large ...
Humidity
Humidity
Before embarking on a discussion of humidity and humidification, a number of key physical principles must first be defined...
Physics of ultrasound
Physics of ultrasound
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Drugs used to treat joint and muscle disease
Drugs used to treat joint and muscle disease
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Anaesthesia for plastic and reconstructive surgery
Anaesthesia for plastic and reconstructive surgery
Plastic reconstructive surgeries involving flap reconstruction and microvascular anastomosis are technically demanding. Co...
Anaesthesia for scoliosis surgery
Anaesthesia for scoliosis surgery
Scoliosis can be classified into idiopathic, congenital, neuromuscular, or degenerative causes. Surgical intervention is r...
Physiology of patient transfer by land and air
Physiology of patient transfer by land and air
Safe patient transfer is an integral part of patient care and can be classified as primary or secondary.1 Primary transfer...
Critical care transfers: core principles and logistics
Critical care transfers: core principles and logistics
In the UK over 11,000 critically ill patients are transferred between hospitals each year. In addition, a significant numb...
Measuring arterial blood pressure
Measuring arterial blood pressure
Arterial blood pressure measurement forms part of the minimum standards of patient monitoring set out by the Association o...
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