aCenter of Biomedical Research Excellence on Aging, Department of Research, Kuakini Medical Center

bNeuroscience Institute, The Queen's Medical Center

cDepartment of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii

dPacific Health Research and Education Institute

eVeterans Affairs Pacific Islands Healthcare Systems

fDepartment of Geriatric Medicine

gDepartment of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii

hInstitute for Biogenesis Research, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA

iDepartment of Human Welfare, Okinawa International University, Ginowan, Okinawa, Japan

jSchool of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Correspondence to Kazuma Nakagawa, MD, FAAN, FAHA, 1301 Punchbowl Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA. Tel: +1 808 691 4617; fax: +1 808 691 4001; e-mail: [email protected]

Abbreviations: ADA, American Diabetes Association; APOE, apolipoprotein E; CAD, coronary artery disease; CMI, cerebral microinfarct; CT, computed tomography; FOXO3, forkhead box O-3; ICH, intracerebral haemorrhage; KHAAS, Kuakini Honolulu-Asia Aging Study; KHHP, Kuakini Honolulu Heart Program; PAI, physical activity index; SAH, subarachnoid haemorrhage; SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism

Received 16 May, 2023

Revised 19 September, 2023

Accepted 30 October, 2023