aDepartment of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang

bDepartment of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

Correspondence to Zhao Li, MD, PhD, Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China. Tel: 13504012021; e-mail: [email protected]

Abbreviations: ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; AHA, American Heart Association; ARB, angiotensin receptor antagonist; ASV, amplicon sequence variant; BCAAs, branched-chain amino acids; BP, blood pressure; COGs, Clusters of Orthologous Genes; ESI, electrospray ionization; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HMDB, Human Metabolome Database; KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; KO, KEGG orthology functional orthologues; LDA, the linear discriminant analysis; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; LEfSe, the linear discriminant analysis effect size; M/S, mass-to-charge ratio; OPLS-DA, orthogonal partial least squares analysis; PCA, principal component analysis; PCoA, principal coordinate analysis; PLS, DApartial least squares discriminant analysis; RAAS, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system; SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids; TC, total cholesterol; TCA, tricarboxylic acid; TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide; TOFMS, time-of-flight mass spectrometers; UPLC-MS/MS, the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry; VIP, variable importance in projection

Received 22 November, 2023

Revised 7 February, 2024

Accepted 27 February, 2024

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