aDepartment of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology

bHubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology

cHubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology

dDepartment of Cardiology, Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China

eDepartment of Cardiology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China

Correspondence to Zihua Zhou, PHD, Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China. E-mail: [email protected]

Abbreviations: ACOX1, acyl-CoA oxidase 1; ACOX2, acyl-CoA oxidase 2; ALT, alanine transaminase; ANP, atrial natriuretic peptide; AST, aspartate transaminase; AT1R, ang II type 1 receptor; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; BU, blood urea nitrogen; CA, catecholamine; CD36, cluster of differentiation 36; Col-1, collagen I; Col-3, collagen III; ECL2, the second extracellular loop; FAO, fatty acid oxidation; l-NAME, NG-nitroarginine methyl ester; NE, norepinephrine; PAS, periodic acid–Schiff; PGC-1, peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor γ coactivator-1 alpha; qRT-PCR, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction Analysis; Scr, serum creatinine; SD, standard deviation; SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis; SHRs, spontaneously hypertensive rats; SMA-1, first small mesenteric branches; Smad3, smad family member 3; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor-β1; VLPs, Qβ bacteriophage virus-like particles; WGA, wheat germ agglutinin; α1D-AR, α1D-adrenergic receptor; α-MHC, alpha-myosin heavy chain; α-SMA, alpha smooth muscle actin; β-MHC, beta-myosin heavy chain

Received 2 October, 2023

Revised 20 February, 2024

Accepted 22 February, 2024

Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal's Website (http://www.jhypertension.com).