aDepartment of Cardiology, Anzhen Hospital

bHeart Health Research Center (HHRC), Beijing, China

cThe George Institute for Global Health (Australia), The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

dDepartment of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China

Correspondence to Xin Du, Department of Cardiology, Anzhen Hospital, Beijing, China. E-mail: [email protected]

Abbreviations: ACCORD, The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes; ARV, average real variability; BPV, blood pressure variability; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DBPV, DBP variability; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; SBPV, SBP variability; SD, standard deviation; SPRINT, Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial

Received 20 September, 2023

Revised 20 January, 2024

Accepted 13 February, 2024