Screening and optimization of online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography conditions for the analysis of hospital wastewater

Wołowicz A, Munir HMS. Emerging organic micropollutants as serious environmental problem: a comprehensive review. Sci Total Environ. 2025;958: 177948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177948.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khan UA, Löffler P, Spilsbury F, Wiberg K, Stålsby Lundborg C, Lai FY. Towards sustainable water reuse: a critical review and meta-analysis of emerging chemical contaminants with risk-based evaluation, health hazard prediction and prioritization for assessment of effluent water quality. J Hazard Mater. 2024;480:136175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136175.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kümmerer K. The presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment due to human use–present knowledge and future challenges. J Environ Manage. 2009;90(8):2354–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.01.023.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Castillo Meza L, Piotrowski P, Farnan J, Tasker TL, Xiong B, Weggler B, Murrell K, Dorman FL, Vanden Heuvel JP, Burgos WD. Detection and removal of biologically active organic micropollutants from hospital wastewater. Sci Total Environ. 2020;700: 134469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134469.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Majumder A, Gupta AK, Ghosal PS, Varma M. A review on hospital wastewater treatment: a special emphasis on occurrence and removal of pharmaceutically active compounds, resistant microorganisms, and SARS-CoV-2. J Environ Chem Eng. 2021;9(2): 104812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.104812.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schmidt TC. Recent trends in water analysis triggering future monitoring of organic micropollutants. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2018;410(17):3933–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-018-1015-9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vaudreuil MA, Vo Duy S, Munoz G, Sauvé S. Pharmaceutical pollution of hospital effluents and municipal wastewaters of Eastern Canada. Sci Total Environ. 2022;846: 157353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157353.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Trufelli H, Palma P, Famiglini G, Cappiello A. An overview of matrix effects in liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom Rev. 2011;30(3):491–509. https://doi.org/10.1002/mas.20298.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stoll DR, Carr PW. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography: a state of the art tutorial. Anal Chem. 2017;89(1):519–31. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03506.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Horváth K, Fairchild J, Guiochon G. Optimization strategies for off-line two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A. 2009;1216(12):2511–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.064.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pirok BWJ, Gargano AFG, Schoenmakers PJ. Optimizing separations in online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci. 2018;41(1):68–98. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201700863.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pirok BWJ, Stoll DR, Schoenmakers PJ. Recent developments in two-dimensional liquid chromatography: fundamental improvements for practical applications. Anal Chem. 2019;91(1):240–63. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04841.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Groskreutz SR, Swenson MM, Secor LB, Stoll DR. Selective comprehensive multi-dimensional separation for resolution enhancement in high performance liquid chromatography. Part I: principles and instrumentation. J Chromatogr A. 2012;1228:31–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.035.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tirapelle M, Duanmu F, Chia DN, Besenhard MO, Mazzei L, Sorensen E. Method development of comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography: a new metric for preliminary column selection. J Chromatogr A. 2025;1741: 465593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465593.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nell EHJ, Muller M, de Villiers A. Advances in online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography method development. Annu Rev Anal Chem (Palo Alto Calif). 2025. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anchem-071524-090321.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Iguiniz M, Rouvière F, Corbel E, Roques N, Heinisch S. Comprehensive two dimensional liquid chromatography as analytical strategy for pharmaceutical analysis. J Chromatogr A. 2018;1536:195–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.070.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Russo G, Grumetto L, Baert M, Lynen F. Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography as a biomimetic screening platform for pharmacokinetic profiling of compound libraries in early drug development. Anal Chim Acta. 2021;1142:157–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2020.11.003.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rahmani T, Ampe A, Lynen F. Temperature responsive × fast chiral comprehensive liquid chromatography: a new 2D-LC platform for resolving mixtures of chiral isomers. Anal Chem. 2023;95(23):8763–9. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00780.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pickens CJ, Haidar Ahmad IA, Makarov AA, Bennett R, Mann BF, Regalado EL. Comprehensive online multicolumn two-dimensional liquid chromatography-diode array detection-mass spectrometry workflow as a framework for chromatographic screening and analysis of new drug substances. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2020;412(11):2655–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02498-8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saint Germain FM, Faure K, Saunier E, Lerestif JM, Heinisch S. On-line 2D-RPLC x RPLC - HRMS to assess wastewater treatment in a pharmaceutical plant. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2022;208: 114465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114465.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barros de Souza A, Ali I, van de Goor T, Dewil R, Cabooter D. Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry to investigate the photoelectrochemical degradation of environmentally relevant pharmaceuticals and their degradation products in water. J Environ Manage. 2024;351: 120023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120023.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giddings JC. Two-dimensional separations: concept and promise. Anal Chem. 1984;56(12):1258A–70A. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00276a003.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gilar M, Olivova P, Daly AE, Gebler JC. Orthogonality of separation in two-dimensional liquid chromatography. Anal Chem. 2005;77(19):6426–34. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac050923i.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mommers J, van der Wal S. Two metrics for measuring orthogonality for two-dimensional chromatography. J Chromatogr A. 2019;1586:101–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2018.11.081.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schure MR, Davis JM. Orthogonal separations: comparison of orthogonality metrics by statistical analysis. J Chromatogr A. 2015;1414:60–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.029.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zeng ZD, Hugel HM, Marriott PJ. A modeling approach for orthogonality of comprehensive two-dimensional separations. Anal Chem. 2013;85(13):6356–63. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac400736v.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gilar M, Fridrich J, Schure MR, Jaworski A. Comparison of orthogonality estimation methods for the two-dimensional separations of peptides. Anal Chem. 2012;84(20):8722–32. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac3020214.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chapel S, Pardon M, Cabooter D. Systematic approach to online comprehensive 2D-LC method development for organic micropollutant profiling in wastewater. J Chromatogr A. 2025;1749: 465861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2025.465861.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen Y, Montero L, Schmidtz OJ. Advance in on-line two-dimensional liquid chromatography modulation technology. Trends Anal Chem. 2019:120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2019.115647.

Armin R, Wachendorf J, Weber M, Schmidt TC. Enhanced industrial wastewater monitoring: method development for non-target screening of highly polar substances using ZIC-HILIC-HRMS. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2025;417(1):167–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-024-05635-9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bieber S, Greco G, Grosse S, Letzel T. RPLC-HILIC and SFC with mass spectrometry: polarity-extended organic molecule screening in environmental (water) samples. Anal Chem. 2017;89(15):7907–14. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00859.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Loos G, Shoykhet K, Dittmann M, Cabooter D. Restriction capillaries as an innovative mixing unit for intermediate mobile phase exchange in multidimensional analysis. J Chromatogr A. 2017;1497:70–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2017.03.036.

Article 

Comments (0)

No login
gif