Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, et al. Corrigendum to: 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS): the task force for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(40):4194. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab648.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fox KAA, Virdone S, Pieper KS, et al. GARFIELD-AF risk score for mortality, stroke, and bleeding within 2 years in patients with atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes. 2022;8(2):214–27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjqcco/qcab028.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bo M, Fumagalli S, Degli Esposti L, et al. Anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation. A large real-world update. Eur J Intern Med. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2023.10.010. (Published online 23 October 2023:S0953-6205(23)00365-5).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Vincentis A, Soraci L, Arena E, et al. Appropriateness of direct oral anticoagulant prescribing in older subjects with atrial fibrillation discharged from acute medical wards. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.16010. (Published online 6 February 2024).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Volgman AS, Nair G, Lyubarova R, et al. Management of atrial fibrillation in patients 75 years and older: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;79(2):166–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.10.037.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bo M, Marchionni N. Practical use of direct oral anti coagulants (DOACs) in the older persons with atrial fibrillation. Eur J Intern Med. 2020;71:32–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2019.10.026.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Proietti M, Romiti GF, Raparelli V, et al. Frailty prevalence and impact on outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 1,187,000 patients. Ageing Res Rev. 2022;79: 101652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2022.101652.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Steffel J, Collins R, Antz M, et al. 2021 European Heart Rhythm Association practical guide on the use of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation. Eur Eur Pacing Arrhythm Card Electrophysiol J Work Groups Card Pacing Arrhythm Card Cell Electrophysiol Eur Soc Cardiol. 2021;23(10):1612–76. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euab065.

Article  Google Scholar 

Calsolaro V, Okoye C, Antognoli R, Dell’Agnello U, Calabrese AM, Monzani F. Long-term effectiveness and safety of anticoagulation therapy in oldest old, frail people with atrial fibrillation. Eur J Intern Med. 2021;86:91–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2021.01.020.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kato ET, Giugliano RP, Ruff CT, et al. Efficacy and safety of edoxaban in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation in the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5(5): e003432. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.003432.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Presta R, Brunetti E, Polidori MC, Bo M. Impact of frailty models on the prescription of oral anticoagulants and on the incidence of stroke, bleeding, and mortality in older patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review. Ageing Res Rev. 2022;82: 101761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2022.101761.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nishimura S, Kumamaru H, Shoji S, et al. Frailty and subsequent adverse outcomes in older patients with atrial fibrillation treated with oral anticoagulants: the Shizuoka study. Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2023;7(3): 100129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpth.2023.100129.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bassand JP, Virdone S, Goldhaber SZ, et al. Early risks of death, stroke/systemic embolism, and major bleeding in patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2019;139(6):787–98. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.035012.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Held C, Hylek EM, Alexander JH, et al. Clinical outcomes and management associated with major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation treated with apixaban or warfarin: insights from the ARISTOTLE trial. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(20):1264–72. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehu463.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ogawa H, An Y, Ishigami K, et al. Long-term clinical outcomes after major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation: the Fushimi AF registry. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes. 2021;7(2):163–71. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjqcco/qcaa082.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morley JE, Vellas B, van Kan GA, et al. Frailty consensus: a call to action. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(6):392–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2013.03.022.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rebora P, Focà E, Salvatori A, et al. The effect of frailty on in-hospital and medium-term mortality of patients with COronaVIrus disease-19: the FRACOVID study. Panminerva Med. 2022;64(1):24–30. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0031-0808.21.04506-7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, et al. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008;61(4):344–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008.

Article  Google Scholar 

Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), endorsed by the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), Authors/Task Force Members, et al. Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: the Task Force for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2010;31(19):2369–429. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehq278

Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40(5):373–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9681(87)90171-8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lawton MP, Brody EM. Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist. 1969;9(3):179–86.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pfeiffer E. A short portable mental status questionnaire for the assessment of organic brain deficit in elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1975;23(10):433–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1975.tb00927.x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Katz S, Downs TD, Cash HR, Grotz RC. Progress in development of the index of ADL. Gerontologist. 1970;10(1):20–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/10.1_part_1.20.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rockwood K, Song X, MacKnight C, et al. A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people. CMAJ Can Med Assoc J J Assoc Medicale Can. 2005;173(5):489–95. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.050051.

Article  Google Scholar 

Theou O, Pérez-Zepeda MU, van der Valk AM, Searle SD, Howlett SE, Rockwood K. A classification tree to assist with routine scoring of the Clinical Frailty Scale. Age Ageing. 2021;50(4):1406–11. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afab006.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Clinical Frailty Scale. Specialised Clinical Frailty Network. Accessed 7 June 2025. https://www.scfn.org.uk/clinical-frailty-scale

Piccini JP, Hammill BG, Sinner MF, et al. Clinical course of atrial fibrillation in older adults: the importance of cardiovascular events beyond stroke. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(4):250–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht483.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Rein N, Heide-Jørgensen U, Lijfering WM, Dekkers OM, Sørensen HT, Cannegieter SC. Major bleeding rates in atrial fibrillation patients on single, dual, or triple antithrombotic therapy. Circulation. 2019;139(6):775–86. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036248.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Joglar JA, Chung MK, Armbruster AL, et al. 2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS guideline for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2024;149(1):e1–156. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001193.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giustozzi M, Vedovati MC, Verso M, et al. Patients aged 90 years or older with atrial fibrillation treated with oral anticoagulants: a multicentre observational study. Int J Cardiol. 2019;281:56–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.01.071.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carnicelli AP, Hong H, Connolly SJ, et al. Direct oral anticoagulants versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: patient-level network meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials with interaction testing by age and sex. Circulation. 2022;145(4):242–55. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056355.

Article  CAS