Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School and Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

Giulia P. Lima, Sarah U. Morton & Philip Levy

Children’s Hospitals Neonatal Consortium, Dover, DE, USA

Isabella Zaniletti

Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego and Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA

Nathaly Sweeney

Division of Neonatology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA

Leeann Pavlek & Molly K. Ball

Division of Neonatology, Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA

Shannon E. G. Hamrick

Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

Sharada H. Gowda

Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children’s Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA

Rakesh Rao

Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, IN, USA

Paulomi M. Chaudhry

Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta – Egleston, Atlanta, GA, USA

Anthony Piazza

Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta – Scottish Rite, Atlanta, GA, USA

Gregory Sysyn

Dell Children’s Medical Center, Austin, TX, USA

Ashley Lucke & Molly Pont

Children’s of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA

Allison Black & Carl Coghill

Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

Marth Sola Visner

Levine Children’s Hospital, Charlotte, NC, USA

Eugenia Pallotto

Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA

Karna Murthy & Gustave Falciglia

Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA

Beth Haberman

Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA

Ceyda Acun

Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA

Thomas Bartman

Children’s Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA

Sushmita Yallapragada & Lina Chalak

Children’s Hospital Colorado, Denver, CO, USA

Danielle Smith & Stephanie Bourque

Children’s Hospital Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA

Girija Natarajan

Cook Children’s Healthcare System, Fort Worth, TX, USA

Annie Chi & Yvette Johnson

Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA

Annmarie Gotiolo

Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

Lakshmi Katarkan & Kristina Reber

Riley Children’s Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA

Rebecca Rose

University of Iowa Stead Family Children’s Hospital, Iowa City, IA, USA

Julie Lindower

The Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA

Julie Weiner

Arkansas Children’s Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA

Laura Carroll

Los Angeles Children’s Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Rachel Chapman

American Family Children’s Hospital, Madison, WI, USA

Nina Menda

Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA

Mark Weems

Children’s Minnesota Hospital, Minneapolis, MN, USA

Ann Downey

Wisconsin Children’s Hospital, Milwaukee, WI, USA

Joanne Lagatta

UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital, Oakland, CA, USA

Priscilla Joe

Oklahoma Children’s Hospital, Oklahoma City, OK, USA

Trent Tipple & Patricia Williams

Omaha Children’s Hospital, Omaha, NE, USA

Nicole Birge

Children’s Hospital of Orange County, Orange County, CA, USA

Michel Mikhael

AdventHealth for Children, Orlando, FL, USA

Narendra Dereddy & Rajan Wadhawan

Nemours Children’s Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA

Aaron Weiss

Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Michael Padula

St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Vilarmis Quinones

Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA

Pam Griffiths

Pittsburgh Children’s Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Toby Yanowitz

Mayo Clinic Children’s Center, Rochester, MN, USA

Ellen Bendel-Stenzel

Primary Children’s Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

Con Yee Ling

Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA

Mark Speziale

Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA

Robert DiGeronimo & Elizabeth Jacobsen

St. Louis Children’s Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA

Beverly Brozanski & Rakesh Rao

Children’s Minnesota Hospital, St. Paul, MN, USA

Ann Downey

All Children’s Hospital, St, Petersburg, FL, USA

Linda Van Marter

The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada

Kyong-Soon Lee

Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA

Billie Lou Short

Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA

Kevin Sullivan

Brenner Children’s Hospital, Winston-Salem, NC, USA

Cherrie Welch

PMC, MKB, and NS conceptualized the study. SUM, PL, LP, RR, SEGH, and SHG assisted with study design and provided expert input. IZ carried out analyses. GPL, SUM, PL and PMC drafted the initial manuscript. All authors critically reviewed and revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors approved the final manuscript as submitted.