Marcos-Jubilar M, Lecumberri R, Páramo JA. Immunothrombosis: molecular aspects and new therapeutic perspectives. J Clin Med. 2023.

Schrottmaier WC, Assinger A. The Concept of Thromboinflammation. Hamostaseologie. 2024;44(1):21–30.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jackson SP, Darbousset R, Schoenwaelder SM. Thromboinflammation: challenges of therapeutically targeting coagulation and other host defense mechanisms. Blood. 2019;133(9):906–18.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Leberzammer J, von Hundelshausen P. Chemokines, molecular drivers of thromboinflammation and immunothrombosis. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1276353.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Stark K, Massberg S. Interplay between inflammation and thrombosis in cardiovascular pathology. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2021;18(9):666–82.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pekayvaz K, Kilani B, Joppich M, Eivers L, Brambs S, Knottenberg V, et al. Immunothrombolytic monocyte-neutrophil axes dominate the single-cell landscape of human thrombosis and correlate with thrombus resolution. Immunity. 2025;58(5):1343-58.e13.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gritsenko A, Yu S, Martin-Sanchez F, Diaz-Del-Olmo I, Nichols EM, Davis DM, et al. Priming Is Dispensable for NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in Human Monocytes. Front Immunol. 2020;11: 565924.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Garza-Reyes MG, Mora-Ruíz MD, Chávez-Sánchez L, Madrid-Miller A, Cabrera-Quintero AJ, Maravillas-Montero JL, et al. Effect of Interleukin-17 in the Activation of Monocyte Subsets in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. J Immunol Res. 2020;2020:5692829.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Park Y, Shim Y, Kwon I, Lee HW, Nam HS, Choi HJ, et al. Effects of interleukin-17A on the early stages of arterial thrombosis in mice. Yonsei Med J. 2022;63(7):632–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hot A, Lenief V, Miossec P. Combination of IL-17 and TNFα induces a pro-inflammatory, pro-coagulant and pro-thrombotic phenotype in human endothelial cells. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71(5):768–76.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Engelmann B, Massberg S. Thrombosis as an intravascular effector of innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13(1):34–45.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Almskog LM, Ågren A. Thromboinflammation vs. immunothrombosis: strategies for overcoming anticoagulant resistance in COVID-19 and other hyperinflammatory diseases. Is ROTEM helpful or not? Front Immunol. 2025;16: 1599639.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Iba T, Levy JH. Inflammation and thrombosis: roles of neutrophils, platelets and endothelial cells and their interactions in thrombus formation during sepsis. J Thromb Haemost. 2018;16(2):231–41.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Iba T, Levi M, Levy JH. Sepsis-induced coagulopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2020;46(1):89–95.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Iba T, Levi M, Levy JH. Intracellular communication and immunothrombosis in sepsis. J Thromb Haemost. 2022;20(11):2475–84.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ackermann M, Verleden SE, Kuehnel M, Haverich A, Welte T, Laenger F, et al. Pulmonary Vascular Endothelialitis, Thrombosis, and Angiogenesis in Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(2):120–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lee JJ, Pope JE. A meta-analysis of the risk of venous thromboembolism in inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Res Ther. 2014;16(5):435.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hillary T, Clijmans J, Vermeire S, Lambert J, Garmyn M, Imbrechts M, et al. Venous thrombotic events in psoriasis patients: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Ann Med. 2021;53(1):1074–81.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Galloway J, Barrett K, Irving P, Khavandi K, Nijher M, Nicholson R, et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: a UK matched cohort study. RMD Open. 2020.

Asenjo-Lobos C, González L, Bulnes JF, Roque M, Muñoz Venturelli P, Rodríguez GM. Cardiovascular events risk in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases: a prognostic systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Res Cardiol. 2024;113(2):246–59.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Springer J, Villa-Forte A. Thrombosis in vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2013;25(1):19–25.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhu K, Lv F, Hou X, Wang F, Pang L, Zhong M. Thrombosis in vasculitis: An updated review of etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment. Heliyon. 2024;10(12): e30615.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Libby P, Simon DI. Inflammation and thrombosis: the clot thickens. Circulation. 2001;103(13):1718–20.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mehta P, Laffan M, Haskard DO. Thrombosis and Behçet’s syndrome in non-endemic regions. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010;49(11):2003–4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nappi F. To gain insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of the thrombo-inflammatory process in the atherosclerotic plaque. Int J Mol Sci. 2023.

Raj R, Thomas S, Gorantla V. Accelerated atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review. F1000Res. 2022.

Restivo V, Candiloro S, Daidone M, Norrito R, Cataldi M, Minutolo G, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular risk in rheumatological disease: symptomatic and non-symptomatic events in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev. 2022;21(1): 102925.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Liu L, Cui S, Liu M, Huo X, Zhang G, Wang N. Psoriasis increased the risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes: a new systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort study. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9: 829709.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim JH, Choi IA. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with spondyloarthritis: a meta-analysis. Int J Rheum Dis. 2021;24(4):477–86.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Anyfanti P, Gavriilaki E, Nikolaidou B, Yiannaki E, Lazaridis A, Papadopoulos N, et al. Patients with autoimmune chronic inflammatory diseases present increased biomarkers of thromboinflammation and endothelial dysfunction in the absence of flares and cardiovascular comorbidities. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2022;53(1):10–6.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tyrrell PN, Beyene J, Feldman BM, McCrindle BW, Silverman ED, Bradley TJ. Rheumatic disease and carotid intima-media thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010;30(5):1014–26.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gaertner F, Massberg S. Blood coagulation in immunothrombosis-at the frontline of intravascular immunity. Semin Immunol. 2016;28(6):561–9.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Levi M, Ten Cate H. Disseminated intravascular coagulation. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(8):586–92.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Assinger A, Chatterjee M, McFadyen JD. Editorial: Molecular drivers of immunothrombosis. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1385966.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gu C, Wu L, Li X. IL-17 family: cytokines, receptors and signaling. Cytokine. 2013;64(2):477–85.