Sasser SM, et al. Guidelines for field triage of injured patients. Recommendations of the National expert panel on field triage. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2009;58(Rr–1):1–35.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leilei D, et al. The burden of injury in china, 1990–2017: findings from the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet Public Health. 2019;4(9):e449–61.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bardes JM, et al. The contemporary timing of trauma deaths. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2018;84(6):893–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen D, et al. Venous Thrombus embolism in polytrauma: special attention to patients with traumatic brain injury. J Clin Med. 2023;12(5):1716.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Deng H, et al. The incidence, clinical characteristics, and outcome of polytrauma patients with the combination of pulmonary contusion, flail chest and upper thoracic spinal injury. Injury. 2022;53(3):1073–80.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gruen RL, et al. Haemorrhage control in severely injured patients. Lancet. 2012;380(9847):1099–108.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kauvar DS, Lefering R, Wade CE. Impact of hemorrhage on trauma outcome: an overview of epidemiology, clinical presentations, and therapeutic considerations. J Trauma. 2006;60(6 Suppl):S3–11.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wafaisade A, et al. Epidemiology and risk factors of sepsis after multiple trauma: an analysis of 29,829 patients from the trauma registry of the German society for trauma surgery. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(4):621–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chang TD, et al. The different paradigms of NK cell death in patients with severe trauma. Cell Death Dis. 2024;15(8):606.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lord JM, et al. The systemic immune response to trauma: an overview of pathophysiology and treatment. Lancet. 2014;384(9952):1455–65.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Matzinger P. Tolerance, danger, and the extended family. Annu Rev Immunol. 1994;12:991–1045.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Janeway CA Jr. Approaching the asymptote? Evolution and revolution in immunology. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1989;54:1–13.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Knovich MA, et al. Ferritin for the clinician. Blood Rev. 2009;23(3):95–104.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Torti FM, Torti SV. Regulation of ferritin genes and protein. Blood. 2002;99(10):3505–16.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Recalcati S, et al. New functions for an iron storage protein: the role of ferritin in immunity and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun. 2008;30(1–2):84–9.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lachmann G, et al. Hyperferritinemia in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2020;48(4):459–65.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bennett TD, et al. Very high serum ferritin levels are associated with increased mortality and critical care in pediatric patients. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2011;12(6):e233–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Castillo L, Carcillo J. Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and severe sepsis/ systemic inflammatory response syndrome/multiorgan dysfunction syndrome/macrophage activation syndrome share common intermediate phenotypes on a spectrum of inflammation. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2009;10(3):387–92.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Garcia PC, et al. Ferritin levels in children with severe sepsis and septic shock. Acta Paediatr. 2007;96(12):1829–31.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Demirkol D, et al. Hyperferritinemia in the critically ill child with secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis/sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome/macrophage activation syndrome: What is the treatment? Crit Care. 2012;16(2):R52.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sharkey RA, et al. Initial serum ferritin levels in patients with multiple trauma and the subsequent development of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159(5 Pt 1):1506–9.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Pape HC, et al. The definition of polytrauma revisited: an international consensus process and proposal of the new ‘berlin definition’. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014;77(5):780–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saeed H, et al. Evaluating the optimal serum ferritin level to identify hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in the critical care setting. Int J Hematol. 2015;102(2):195–9.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

La Rosée P, et al. Recommendations for the management of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults. Blood. 2019;133(23):2465–77.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Knaak C, et al. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in critically ill patients: diagnostic reliability of HLH-2004 criteria and HScore. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):244.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Henter JI, et al. HLH-2004: diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007;48(2):124–31.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cecconi M, et al. Consensus on circulatory shock and hemodynamic monitoring. Task force of the European society of intensive care medicine. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(12):1795–815.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Olson G, Davis AM. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with Community-Acquired pneumonia. JAMA. 2020;323(9):885–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Qadir N, et al. An update on management of adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: an official American thoracic society clinical practice guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2024;209(1):24–36.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kaukonen KM, et al. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria in defining severe sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(17):1629–38.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Grangé S, et al. The use of ferritin to identify critically ill patients with secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(11):e1045–53.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Piagnerelli M, et al. Time course of iron metabolism in critically ill patients. Acta Clin Belg. 2013;68(1):22–7.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhang Q, et al. Circulating mitochondrial damps cause inflammatory responses to injury. Nature. 2010;464(7285):104–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Manson J, Thiemermann C, Brohi K. Trauma alarmins as activators of damage-induced inflammation. Br J Surg. 2012;99(Suppl 1):12–20.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Pugin J. How tissue injury alarms the immune system and causes a systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Ann Inten