Vollset, S.E.; Ababneh, H.S.; Abate, Y.H.; Abbafati, C.; Abbasgholizadeh, R.; Abbasian, M.; Abbastabar, H.; Abd Al Magied, A.H.; Abd ElHafeez, S.; Abdelkader, A. Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022–2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet. 2024;403:2204–2256.

Behzadi P, García-Perdomo HA, Autrán Gómez AM, Pinheiro M, Sarshar M. Uropathogens, urinary tract infections, the host-pathogen interactions and treatment. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1183236.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Issakhanian L, Behzadi P. Antimicrobial agents and urinary tract infections. Curr Pharm Des. 2019;25:1409–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Behzadi, P., Behzadi, E. The microbial agents of urinary tract infections at central laboratory of Dr. Shariati Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Turk Klin Tip Bilim. 2008;28:445–449.

Yazdansetad S, Alkhudhairy MK, Najafpour R, Farajtabrizi E, Al-Mosawi RM, Saki M, Jafarzadeh E, Izadpour F, Ameri A. Preliminary survey of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in nosocomial uropathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae in north-central Iran. Heliyon. 2019;5(9):e02349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02349.

Behzadi P. Classical chaperone-usher (CU) adhesive fimbriome: uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) and urinary tract infections (UTIs). Folia Microbiol. 2020;65:45–65.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Behzadi P, Behzadi E, Pawlak-Adamska EA. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) or genital tract infections (GTIs)? It's the diagnostics that count. GMS Hyg Infect Control. 2019;14:Doc14. https://doi.org/10.3205/dgkh000320.

Barrios-Villa E, Picón LR, Reynaga RB, Arenas-Hernández MM. An updated overview on the resistance and virulence of UPEC. Trending Topics in Escherichia coli Research: The Latin American Perspective. 2023:249–76.

Behzadi P, Behzadi E. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli: An ideal resource for DNA microarray probe designing. In Proceedings of the Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering: 5th International Work-Conference, IWBBIO 2017, Granada, Spain, April 26–28, 2017, Proceedings, Part II 5, 2017; pp. 12–19.

Jahandeh N, Ranjbar R, Behzadi P, Behzadi E. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli virulence genes: invaluable approaches for designing DNA microarray probes. CEJU. 2015;68:452–8.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kudinha T, Kong F. Distribution of papG alleles among uropathogenic Escherichia coli from reproductive age women. J Biomed Sci. 2022;29:66.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Flores-Oropeza MA, Ochoa SA, Cruz-Córdova A, Chavez-Tepecano R, Martínez-Peñafiel E, Rembao-Bojórquez D, Zavala-Vega S, Hernández-Castro R, Flores-Encarnacion M, Arellano-Galindo J. Comparative genomic analysis of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains from women with recurrent urinary tract infection. Front Microbiol. 2024;14:1340427.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bu F, Dee DR, Liu B. Structural insight into Escherichia coli CsgA amyloid fibril assembly. mBio. 2024;15(4):e0041924. https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00419-24. Epub 2024 Mar 19.

Lebeaux D, Ghigo J-M, Beloin C. Biofilm-related infections: bridging the gap between clinical management and fundamental aspects of recalcitrance toward antibiotics. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2014;78:510–43.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Baby S, Karnaker VK, Geetha R. Adhesins of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Int J Med Microbiol Trop Dis. 2016;2:10–8.

Google Scholar 

Chahales P, Thanassi DG. Structure, function, and assembly of adhesive organelles by uropathogenic bacteria. Urinary Tract Infections: Molecular Pathogenesis and Clinical Management. 2017;277–329.

Gerlach G-F, Clegg S, Allen BL. Identification and characterization of the genes encoding the type 3 and type 1 fimbrial adhesins of Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Bacteriol. 1989;171:1262–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Khonsari MS, Behzadi P, Foroohi F. The prevalence of type 3 fimbriae in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from clinical urine samples. Meta Gene. 2021;28:100881.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ong, C.-l.Y.; Beatson, S.A.; Totsika, M.; Forestier, C.; McEwan, A.G.; Schembri, M.A. Molecular analysis of type 3 fimbrial genes from Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Citrobacter species. BMC Microbiology. 2010;10:1–12.

Ong C-LY, Ulett GC, Mabbett AN, Beatson SA, Webb RI, Monaghan W, Nimmo GR, Looke DF, McEwan AG, Schembri MA. Identification of type 3 fimbriae in uropathogenic Escherichia coli reveals a role in biofilm formation. J Bacteriol. 2008;190:1054–63.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Spurbeck RR, Mobley HL. Uropathogenic escherichia coli. In Escherichia coli: Elsevier; 2013. p. 275–304.

Book  Google Scholar 

Klemm P, Hancock V, Schembri MA. Fimbrial adhesins from extraintestinal Escherichia coli. Environmental microbiology reports. 2010;2:628–40.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cuénod A, Agnetti J, Seth-Smith HM, Roloff T, Wälchli D, Shcherbakov D, Akbergenov R, Tschudin-Sutter S, Bassetti S, Siegemund M. Bacterial genome-wide association study substantiates papGII of Escherichia coli as a major risk factor for urosepsis. Genome Medicine. 2023;15:89.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Manning SD, Zhang L, Foxman B, Spindler A, Tallman P, Marrs CF. Prevalence of known P-fimbrial G alleles in Escherichia coli and identification of a new adhesin class. Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2001;8:637–40.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hozzari A, Behzadi P, Kerishchi Khiabani P, Sholeh M, Sabokroo N. Clinical cases, drug resistance, and virulence genes profiling in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Appl Genet. 2020;61:265–73.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ranjbar R, Behzadi P, Najafi A, Roudi R. DNA microarray for rapid detection and identification of food and water borne bacteria: from dry to wet lab. The open microbiology journal. 2017;11:330.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

CLSI. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 31st ed. 2021.

Cosentino F, Viale P, Giannella M. MDR/XDR/PDR or DTR? Which definition best fits the resistance profile of Pseudomonas aeruginosa? Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2023;36:564–71.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Magiorakos A-P, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, Carmeli Y, Falagas M, Giske CG, Harbarth S, Hindler J, Kahlmeter G, Olsson-Liljequist B. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18:268–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wojnicz D, Kucharska AZ, Sokół-Łętowska A, Kicia M, Tichaczek-Goska D. Medicinal plants extracts affect virulence factors expression and biofilm formation by the uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Urol Res. 2012;40:683–97.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Khafipour E, Plaizier J, Aikman PC, Krause D. Population structure of rumen Escherichia coli associated with subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 2011;94:351–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tseng C-C, Huang J-J, Ko W-C, Yan J-J, Wu J-J. Decreased predominance of papG class II allele in Escherichia coli strains isolated from adults with acute pyelonephritis and urinary tract abnormalities. J Urol. 2001;166:1643–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mitsumori K, Terai A, Yamamoto S, Yoshida O. Identification of S, F1C and three PapG fimbrial adhesins in uropathogenic Escherichia coli by polymerase chain reaction. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 1998;21:261–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Johnson JR, Stapleton AE, Russo TA, Scheutz F, Brown JJ, Maslow JN. Characteristics and prevalence within serogroup O4 of a J96-like clonal group of uropathogenic Escherichia coli O4: H5 containing the class I and class III alleles of papG. Infect Immun. 1997;65:2153–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Behzadi P, Najafi A, Behzadi E, Ranjbar R. Microarray long oligo probe designing for Escherichia coli: an in-silico DNA marker extraction. CEJU. 2016;69:105–11.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Karampatakis T, Tsergouli K, Behzadi P. Pan-Genome Plasticity and Virulence Factors: A Natural Treasure Trove for Acinetobacter baumannii. Antibiotics. 2024;13:257.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Behzadi P, Urbán E, Matuz M, Benkő R, Gajdács M. The role of gram-negative bacteria in urinary tract infections: current concepts and therapeutic options. Advances in Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Public Health: 2021;15:35–69.

Google Scholar 

Mbelle NM, Feldman C, OseiSekyere J, Maningi NE, Modipane L, Essack SY. The resistome, mobilome virulome and phylogenomics of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli clinical isolates from Pretoria South Africa. Scientific Reports. 2019;9:16457.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central