Schapira AHV. Ongoing developments in biomarkers in Parkinson disease. Curr Opin Neurol. 2013;26(4):395–400.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Török N, Maszlag-Török R, Molnár K, Szolnoki Z, Somogyvári F, Boda K, et al. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 influenced the age onset of Parkinson’s disease. Front Biosci Landmark. 2022;27:1–11.

Article  Google Scholar 

Dugger BN, Dickson DW. Pathology of neurodegenerative diseases. CSH Perspect Biol. 2017;9: a028035.

Google Scholar 

Leverenz JB, Umar I, Wang Q, Montine TJ, McMillan PJ, Tsuang DW, et al. Proteomic identification of novel proteins in cortical lewy bodies. Brain Pathol. 2007;17:139–45.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gibb WR, Lees AJ. The relevance of the Lewy body to the pathogenesis of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1988;51:745–52.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sparks DL, Danner FW, Davis DG, Hackney C, Landers T, Coyne CM. Neurochemical and histopathologic alterations characteristic of Pick’s disease in a non-demented individual. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1994;53:37–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schmitt FA, Davis DG, Wekstein DR, Smith CD, Ashford JW, Markesbery WR. “Preclinical” AD revisited: neuropathology of cognitively normal older adults. Neurology. 2000;55:370–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Adler CH, Connor DJ, Hentz JG, Sabbagh MN, Caviness JN, Shill HA, et al. Incidental Lewy body disease: clinical comparison to a control cohort. Mov Disord. 2010;25:642–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Evidente VG, Adler CH, Sabbagh MN, Connor DJ, Hentz JG, Caviness JN, et al. Neuropathological findings of PSP in the elderly without clinical PSP: possible incidental PSP? Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2011;17:365–71.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Frigerio R, Fujishiro H, Ahn TB, Josephs KA, Maraganore DM, et al. Incidental Lewy body disease: do some cases represent a preclinical stage of dementia with Lewy bodies? Neurobiol Aging. 2011;32:857–63.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Milenkovic I, Kovacs GG. Incidental corticobasal degeneration in a 76-year-old woman. Clin Neuropathol. 2013;32:69–72.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dugger BN, Hentz JG, Adler CH, Sabbagh MN, Shill HA, Jacobson S, et al. Clinicopathological outcomes of prospectively followed normal elderly brain bank volunteers. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2014;73:244–52.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jang H, Boltz DA, Webster RG, Smeyne RJ. Viral Parkinsonism. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2009;1792(7):714.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Goldsmith JR, Herishanu YO, Podgaietski M, Kordysh E. Dynamics of parkinsonism-Parkinson’s disease in residents of adjacent kibbutzim in Israel’s Negev. Environ Res. 1997;73:156–61.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kumar A, Calne SM, Schulzer M, Mak E, Wszolek Z, Van Netten C, Tsui JK, et al. Clustering of Parkinson disease: shared cause or coincidence? Arch Neurol. 2004;61:1057–60.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Adinolfi LE, Nevola R, Lus G, Restivo L, Guerrera B, Romano C, et al. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection and neurological and psychiatric disorders: an overview. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(8):2269–80.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Radkowski M, Wilkinson J, Nowicki M, Adair D, Vargas H, Ingui C, et al. Search for hepatitis C virus negative-strand RNA sequences and analysis of viral sequences in the central nervous system: evidence of replication. J Virol. 2002;76:600–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fletcher NF, McKeating JA. Hepatitis C virus and the brain. J Viral Hepat. 2012;19:301–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Forton DM, Karayiannis P, Mahmud N, Taylor-Robinson SD, Thomas HC. Identification of unique hepatitis C virus quasispecies in the central nervous system and comparative analysis of internal translational efficiency of brain, liver, and serum variants. J Virol. 2004;78:5170–83.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen Z, Zhang H. A meta-analysis on the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in Parkinson’s disease patients. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2023;32(3):285–95.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cao X, Yang F, Zheng J, Wang X, Huang Q. Aberrant structure MRI in Parkinson’s disease and comorbidity with depression based on multinomial tensor regression analysis. J Pers Med. 2022;12(1):89.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ellena G, Battaglia S, Làdavas E. The spatial effect of fearful faces in the autonomic response. Exp Brain Res. 2020;238(9):2009–18.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Borgomaneri S, Vitale F, Battaglia S, Avenanti A. Early right motor cortex response to happy and fearful facial expressions: a TMS motor-evoked potential study. Brain Sci. 2021;11(9):1203.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tanaka M, Szabó Á, Spekker E, Polyák H, Tóth F, Vécsei L. Mitochondrial impairment: a common motif in neuropsychiatric presentation? The link to the tryptophan–kynurenine metabolic system. Cells. 2022;11(16):2607.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Byeon H. Development of a stacking-based ensemble machine learning for detection of depression in Parkinson’s disease: preliminary research. Biol Life Sci Forum. 2021;9:10857.

Google Scholar 

WHO, Hepatitis C: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c. Updated on 24 June 2022. Accessed 29 Oct 2022.

El-Zanaty, et al. Egypt health issues survey 2015. Rockville: Ministry of Health and Population, ICF International; 2015.

Google Scholar 

Adinolfi LE, Rinaldi L, Nevola R. Chronic hepatitis C, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease: what impact of direct-acting antiviral treatments? World J Gastroenterol. 2018;24(41):4617–21.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cacoub P, Comarmond C, Domont F, Savey L, Desbois AC, Saadoun D. Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2016;3(1):3–14.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee M, Yang H, Lu S, Jen C, You S, Wang L, R.E.V.E.A.L.-HCV Study Group, et al. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection increases mortality from hepatic and extrahepatic diseases: a community-based long-term prospective study. J Infect Dis. 2012;206:469–77.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maasoumy B, Wedemeyer H. Natural history of acute and chronic hepatitis C. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2012;26:401–12.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Omland L, Jepsen P, Krarup H, Schønning K, Lind B, Kromann-Andersen H, DANVIR Cohort Study, et al. Increased mortality among persons infected with hepatitis C virus. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9:71–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Uto H, Stuver S, Hayashi K, Kumagai K, Sasaki F, Kanmura S, et al. Increased rate of death related to presence of viremia among hepatitis C virus antibody-positive subjects in a community-based cohort study. Hepatology. 2009;50:393–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu WY, Kang KH, Chen SL, Chiu SY, Yen AM, Fann JC, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection: a risk factor for Parkinson’s disease. J Viral Hepat. 2015;22(10):784–91.