Mashour GA, Woodrum DT, Avidan MS. Neurological complications of surgery and anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 2015;114(2):194–203.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Zenilman ME. Delirium: an important postoperative complication. JAMA. 2017;317(1):77–8.

Google Scholar 

Moller JT, Cluitmans P, Rasmussen LS, Houx P, Rasmussen H, et al. Long-term postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly ISPOCD1 study. ISPOCD investigators. International study of post-operative cognitive dysfunction. Lancet (London, England). 1998;351(9106):857–61.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Price CC, Garvan CW, Monk TG. Type and severity of cognitive decline in older adults after noncardiac surgery. Anesthesiology. 2008;108(1):8–17.

Google Scholar 

Steinmetz J, Christensen KB, Lund T, Lohse N, Rasmussen LS. Long-term consequences of postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Anesthesiology. 2009;110(3):548–55.

Google Scholar 

Chen C, Gao R, Li M, Wang Q, Chen H, et al. Extracellular RNAs-TLR3 signaling contributes to cognitive decline in a mouse model of postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Brain Behav Immun. 2019;80:439–51.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhang D, Li N, Wang Y, Lu W, Zhang Y, et al. Methane ameliorates post-operative cognitive dysfunction by inhibiting microglia NF-κB/MAPKs pathway and promoting IL-10 expression in aged mice. Int Immunopharmacol. 2019;71:52–60.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Yao Y, Lin D, Chen Y, Liu L, Wu Y, et al. Fluoxetine alleviates postoperative cognitive dysfunction by attenuating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway activation in aged mice. Inflamm Res. 2023;72:1161–73.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Han X, Cheng X, Xu J, Liu Y, Zhou J, et al. Activation of TREM2 attenuates neuroinflammation via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway to improve postoperative cognitive dysfunction in mice. Neuropharmacology. 2022;219:109231.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Degos V, Vacas S, Han Z, van Rooijen N, Gressens P, et al. Depletion of bone marrow-derived macrophages perturbs the innate immune response to surgery and reduces postoperative memory dysfunction. Anesthesiology. 2013;118(3):527–36.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Li S, Liu H, Qian Y, Jiang L, Liu S, et al. IL-33/ST2 axis promotes remodeling of the extracellular matrix and drives protective microglial responses in the mouse model of perioperative neurocognitive disorders. Int Immunopharmacol. 2023;114:109479.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Liu Q, Sun YM, Huang H, Chen C, Wan J, et al. Sirtuin 3 protects against anesthesia/surgery-induced cognitive decline in aged mice by suppressing hippocampal neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation. 2021;18(1):41.

CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen L, Dong R, Lu Y, Zhou Y, Li K, et al. MicroRNA-146a protects against cognitive decline induced by surgical trauma by suppressing hippocampal neuroinflammation in mice. Brain Behav Immun. 2019;78:188–201.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Fu Q, Li J, Qiu L, Ruan J, Mao M, et al. Inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome with MCC950 ameliorates perioperative neurocognitive disorders, suppressing neuroinflammation in the hippocampus in aged mice. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;82:106317.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Li C, Li Q, Liu S, Li J, Yu W, et al. sVCAM1 in the hippocampus contributes to postoperative cognitive dysfunction in mice by inducing microglial activation through the VLA-4 receptor. Mol Neurobiol. 2022;59(9):5485–503.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Liu Q, Liu L, Liu H, Jiang J, Guo S, et al. Compound K attenuated hepatectomy-induced post-operative cognitive dysfunction in aged mice via LXRα activation. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;119:109400.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Wang Y, Cai Z, Zhan G, Li X, Li S, et al. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester suppresses oxidative stress and regulates M1/M2 microglia polarization via Sirt6/Nrf2 pathway to mitigate cognitive impairment in aged mice following anesthesia and surgery. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland). 2023;12(3):714.

CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fronza MG, Baldinotti R, Fetter J, Rosa SG, Sacramento M, et al. Beneficial effects of QTC-4-MeOBnE in an LPS-induced mouse model of depression and cognitive impairments: the role of blood-brain barrier permeability, NF-κB signaling, and microglial activation. Brain Behav Immun. 2022;99:177–91.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Ma WY, Wu QL, Wang SS, Wang HY, Ye JR, et al. A breakdown of metabolic reprogramming in microglia induced by CKLF1 exacerbates immune tolerance in ischemic stroke. J Neuroinflammation. 2023;20(1):97.

CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Varnum MM, Ikezu T. The classification of microglial activation phenotypes on neurodegeneration and regeneration in Alzheimer’s disease brain. Arch Immunol Ther Exp. 2012;60(4):251–66.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Sun H, He X, Tao X, Hou T, Chen M, et al. The CD200/CD200R signaling pathway contributes to spontaneous functional recovery by enhancing synaptic plasticity after stroke. J Neuroinflammation. 2020;17(1):171.

CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rabaneda-Lombarte N, Serratosa J, Bové J, Vila M, Saura J, et al. The CD200R1 microglial inhibitory receptor as a therapeutic target in the MPTP model of Parkinson’s disease. J Neuroinflammation. 2021;18(1):88.

CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Feng D, Huang A, Yan W, Chen D. CD200 dysfunction in neuron contributes to synaptic deficits and cognitive impairment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2019;516(4):1053–9.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Hoek RM, Ruuls SR, Murphy CA, Wright GJ, Goddard R, et al. Down-regulation of the macrophage lineage through interaction with OX2 (CD200). Science (New York, NY). 2000;290(5497):1768–71.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Lu SM, Yu CJ, Liu YH, Dong HQ, Zhang X, et al. S100A8 contributes to postoperative cognitive dysfunction in mice undergoing tibial fracture surgery by activating the TLR4/MyD88 pathway. Brain Behav Immun. 2015;44:221–34.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Wang L, Yang JW, Lin LT, Huang J, Wang XR, et al. Acupuncture attenuates inflammation in microglia of vascular dementia rats by inhibiting miR-93-mediated TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020;2020:8253904.

PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen X, Gao F, Lin C, Chen A, Deng J, et al. mTOR-mediated autophagy in the hippocampus is involved in perioperative neurocognitive disorders in diabetic rats. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2022;28(4):540–53.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Chen A, Chen X, Deng J, Wei J, Qian H, et al. Dexmedetomidine alleviates olfactory cognitive dysfunction by promoting neurogenesis in the subventricular zone of hypoxic-ischemic neonatal rats. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:983920.

CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

El-Husseini AE, Schnell E, Chetkovich DM, Nicoll RA, Bredt DS. PSD-95 involvement in maturation of excitatory synapses. Science (New York, NY). 2000;290(5495):1364–8.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Taft CE, Turrigiano GG. PSD-95 promotes the stabilization of young synaptic contacts. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2014;369(1633):20130134.

PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Maletic-Savatic M, Malinow R, Svoboda K. Rapid dendritic morphogenesis in CA1 hippocampal dendrites induced by synaptic activity. Science (New York, NY). 1999;283(5409):1923–7.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Kasai H, Ziv NE, Okazaki H, Yagishita S, Toyoizumi T. Spine dynamics in the brain, mental disorders and artificial neural networks. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2021;22(7):407–22.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Worthen RJ, Garzon Zighelboim SS, Torres Jaramillo CS, Beurel E. Anti-inflammatory IL-10 administration rescues depression-associated learning and memory deficits in mice. J Neuroinflammation. 2020;17(1):246.

CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xin J, Shan W, Li J, Yu H, Zuo Z. Activation of the lateral habenula-ventral tegmental area neural circuit contributes to postoperative cognitive dysfunction in mice. Adv Sci. 2022;9(22):e2202228–31.

Google Scholar 

Zhou Y, Wu X, Ye L, Bai Y, Zhang H, et al. Edaravone at high concentrations attenuates cognitive dysfunctions induced by abdominal surgery under general anesthesia in aged mice. Metab Brain Dis. 2020;35(2):373–83.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Liu C, Wu J, Li M, Gao R, Zhang X, et al. Smad7 in the hippocampus contributes to memory impairment in aged mice after anesthesia and surgery. J Neuroinflammation. 2023;20(1):175.

CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lai Z, Shan W, Li J, Min J, Zeng X, et al. Appropriate exercise level attenuates gut dysbiosis and valeric acid increase to improve neuroplasticity and cognitive function after surgery in mice. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26(12):7167–87.

CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yao Y, Lin D, Chen Y, Liu L, Wu Y, et al. Fluoxetine alleviates postoperative cognitive dysfunction by attenuating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway activation in aged mice. Inflamm Res. 2023;72(6):1161–73.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Costello DA, Lyons A, Denieffe S, Browne TC, Cox FF, et al. Long term potentiation is impaired in membrane glycoprotein CD200-deficient mice: a role for Toll-like receptor activation. J Biol Chem. 2011;286(40):34722–32.

CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Denieffe S, Kelly RJ, McDonald C, Lyons A, Lynch MA. Classical activation of microglia in CD200-deficient mice is a consequence of blood brain barrier permeability and infiltration of peripheral cells. Brain Behav Immun. 2013;34:86–97.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Jiang L, Xu F, He W, Chen L, Zhong H, et al. CD200Fc reduces TLR4-mediated inflammatory responses in LPS-induced rat primary microglial cells via inhibition of the NF-κB pathway. Inflamm Res. 2016;65(7):521–32.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Liu C, Shen Y, Tang Y, Gu Y. The role of N-glycosylation of CD200-CD200R1 interaction in classical microglial activation. J Inflamm (London, England). 2018;15:28.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Jurgens HA, Johnson RW. Dysregulated neuronal-microglial cross-talk during aging, stress and inflammation. Exp Neurol. 2012;233(1):40–8.

Google Scholar 

Zhao SC, Heng X, Ya-Ping W, Di L, Wen-Qian W, et al. CD200-CD200R1 signaling pathway regulates neuroinflammation after stroke. Brain and behavior. 2020;10(12):e01882.

PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen B, Qin G, Xiao J, Deng X, Lin A, et al. Transient neuroinflammation following surgery contributes to long-lasting cognitive decline in elderly rats via dysfunction of synaptic NMDA receptor. J Neuroinflammation. 2022;19(1):181.

CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang XJ, Zhang S, Yan ZQ, Zhao YX, Zhou HY, et al. Impaired CD200-CD200R-mediated microglia silencing enhances midbrain dopaminergic neurodegeneration: roles of aging, superoxide, NADPH oxidase, and p38 MAPK. Free Radical Biol Med. 2011;50(9):1094–106.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Cho I, Kim JM, Kim EJ, Kim SY, Kam EH, et al. Orthopedic surgery-induced cognitive dysfunction is mediated by CX3CL1/R1 signaling. J Neuroinflammation. 2021;18(1):93.

CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Paolicelli RC, Bolasco G, Pagani F, Maggi L, Scianni M, et al. Synaptic pruning by microglia is necessary for normal brain development. Science (New York, NY). 2011;333(6048):1456–8.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Subbarayan MS, Joly-Amado A, Bickford PC, Nash KR. CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacol Ther. 2022;231:107989.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Lv MR, Li B, Wang MG, Meng FG, Yu JJ, et al. Activation of the PI3K-Akt pathway promotes neuroprotection of the δ-opioid receptor agonist against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat models. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017;93:230–7.

CAS