Moris G, Arboleya S, Mancabelli L, Milani C, Ventura M, de Los Reyes-Gavilán CG, et al. Fecal microbiota profile in a group of myasthenia gravis patients. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):14384.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zheng P, Li Y, Wu J, Zhang H, Huang Y, Tan X, et al. Perturbed microbial ecology in myasthenia gravis: evidence from the Gut microbiome and fecal metabolome. Adv Sci. 2019;6(18):1901441.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Selmi C, Leung PSC, Sherr DH, Diaz M, Nyland JF, Monestier M, et al. Mechanisms of environmental influence on human autoimmunity: a National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences expert panel workshop. J Autoimmun. 2012;39(4):272–84.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Germolec D, Kono DH, Pfau JC, Pollard KM. Animal models used to examine the role of the environment in the development of autoimmune disease: findings from an NIEHS Expert Panel Workshop. J Autoimmun. 2012;39(4):285–93.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Miller FW, Alfredsson L, Costenbader KH, Kamen DL, Nelson LM, Norris JM, et al. Epidemiology of environmental exposures and human autoimmune diseases: findings from a National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Expert Panel Workshop. J Autoimmun. 2012;39(4):259–71.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sekirov I, Russell SL, Antunes LCM, Finlay BB. Gut microbiota in health and disease. Physiol Rev. 2010;90(3):859–904.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sommer F, Bäckhed F. The gut microbiota–masters of host development and physiology. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2013;11(4):227–38.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Diaz Heijtz R, Wang S, Anuar F, Qian Y, Björkholm B, Samuelsson A, et al. Normal gut microbiota modulates brain development and behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108(7):3047–52.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Clarke G, O’Mahony SM, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Priming for health: gut microbiota acquired in early life regulates physiology, brain and behaviour. Acta Paediatr. 2014;103(8):812–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berrih-Aknin S. Myasthenia gravis: paradox versus paradigm in autoimmunity. J Autoimmun. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2014.05.001.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xu Q, Ni J-J, Han B-X, Yan S-S, Wei X-T, Feng G-J, et al. Causal relationship between Gut microbiota and autoimmune diseases: a two-sample mendelian randomization study. Front Immunol. 2021;12: 746998.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Qiu D, Xia Z, Jiao X, Deng J, Zhang L, Li J. Altered Gut microbiota in myasthenia gravis. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:2627.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Emdin CA, Khera AV, Kathiresan S. Mendelian Randomization. JAMA. 2017;318(19):1925–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bowden J, Holmes MV. Meta-analysis and Mendelian randomization: a review. Res Synth Methods. 2019;10(4):486–96.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kurilshikov A, Medina-Gomez C, Bacigalupe R, Radjabzadeh D, Wang J, Demirkan A, et al. Large-scale association analyses identify host factors influencing human gut microbiome composition. Nat Genet. 2021;53(2):156–65.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bowden J, Davey Smith G, Burgess S. Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through Egger regression. Int J Epidemiol. 2015;44(2):512–25.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Greco MFD, Minelli C, Sheehan NA, Thompson JR. Detecting pleiotropy in Mendelian randomisation studies with summary data and a continuous outcome. Stat Med. 2015;34(21):2926–40.

Article  Google Scholar 

Verbanck M, Chen C-Y, Neale B, Do R. Detection of widespread horizontal pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from Mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases. Nat Genet. 2018;50(5):693–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lu Y, Tang H, Huang P, Wang J, Deng P, Li Y, et al. Assessment of causal effects of visceral adipose tissue on risk of cancers: a Mendelian randomization study. Int J Epidemiol. 2022;51(4):1204–18.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ni J-J, Xu Q, Yan S-S, Han B-X, Zhang H, Wei X-T, et al. Gut Microbiota and Psychiatric Disorders: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study. Front Microbiol. 2021;12: 737197.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li P, Wang H, Guo L, Gou X, Chen G, Lin D, et al. Association between gut microbiota and preeclampsia-eclampsia: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. BMC Med. 2022;20(1):443.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Long Y, Tang L, Zhou Y, Zhao S, Zhu H. Causal relationship between gut microbiota and cancers: a two-sample Mendelian randomisation study. BMC Med. 2023;21(1):66.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Burgess S, Dudbridge F, Thompson SG. Combining information on multiple instrumental variables in Mendelian randomization: comparison of allele score and summarized data methods. Stat Med. 2016;35(11):1880–906.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hartwig FP, Davey Smith G, Bowden J. Robust inference in summary data Mendelian randomization via the zero modal pleiotropy assumption. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46(6):1985–98.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yang Y, Ma X, Pang W, Jiang C. Causal associations of PM2.5 and GDM: a two-sample mendelian randomization study. Toxics. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11020171.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hemani G, Zheng J, Elsworth B, Wade KH, Haberland V, Baird D, et al. The MR-Base platform supports systematic causal inference across the human phenome. Elife. 2018. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.34408.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Burgess S, Thompson SG. Mendelian Randomization: Methods for Causal Inference Using Genetic Variants. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2021.

Book  Google Scholar 

Hemani G, Tilling K, Davey SG. Orienting the causal relationship between imprecisely measured traits using GWAS summary data. PLoS Genet. 2017;13(11): e1007081.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xu H, Wu Z, Feng F, Li Y, Zhang S. Low vitamin D concentrations and BMI are causal factors for primary biliary cholangitis: a mendelian randomization study. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1055953.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jiang L, Li J-C, Tang B-S, Guo J-F. Associations between gut microbiota and Parkinson disease: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis. Eur J Neurol. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.15848.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xue H, Shen X, Pan W. Constrained maximum likelihood-based Mendelian randomization robust to both correlated and uncorrelated pleiotropic effects. Am J Hum Genet. 2021;108(7):1251–69.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Conti-Fine BM, Milani M, Kaminski HJ. Myasthenia gravis: past, present, and future. J Clin Invest. 2006;116(11):2843–54.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Feferman T, Maiti PK, Berrih-Aknin S, Bismuth J, Bidault J, Fuchs S, et al. Overexpression of IFN-induced protein 10 and its receptor CXCR3 in myasthenia gravis. J Immunol. 2005;174(9):5324–31.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Christadoss P, Goluszko E. Treatment of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis with recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor Fc protein. J Neuroimmunol. 2002;122(1–2):186–90.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jayam Trouth A, Dabi A, Solieman N, Kurukumbi M, Kalyanam J. Myasthenia gravis: a review. Autoimmune Dis. 2012;2012: 874680.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hemarajata P, Versalovic J. Effects of probiotics on gut microbiota: mechanisms of intestinal immunomodulation and neuromodulation. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2013;6(1):39–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

So J-S, Kwon H-K, Lee C-G, Yi H-J, Park J-A, Lim S-Y, et al. Lactobacillus casei suppresses experimental arthritis by down-regulating T helper 1 effector functions. Mol Immunol. 2008;45(9):2690–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed