Albillos A, de Gottardi A, Rescigno M. The gut-liver axis in liver disease: pathophysiological basis for therapy. J Hepatol. 2020;72(3):558–77.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Spadoni I, Zagato E, Bertocchi A, Paolinelli R, Hot E, Di Sabatino A, Caprioli F, Bottiglieri L, Oldani A, Viale G, et al. A gut-vascular barrier controls the systemic dissemination of bacteria. Science. 2015;350(6262):830–4.
Article ADS PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Albillos A, Lario M, Alvarez-Mon M. Cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction: distinctive features and clinical relevance. J Hepatol. 2014;61(6):1385–96.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Tranah TH, Edwards LA, Schnabl B, Shawcross DL. Targeting the gut-liver-immune axis to treat cirrhosis. Gut. 2021;70(5):982–94.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Biggins SW, Angeli P, Garcia-Tsao G, Gines P, Ling SC, Nadim MK, Wong F, Kim WR. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and hepatorenal syndrome: 2021 practice guidance by the American association for the study of liver diseases. Hepatology. 2021;74(2):1014–48.
Bajaj JS, O’Leary JG, Wong F, Reddy KR, Kamath PS. Bacterial infections in end-stage liver disease: current challenges and future directions. Gut. 2012;61(8):1219–25.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Bajaj JS, Kamath PS, Reddy KR. The evolving challenge of infections in cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(24):2317–30.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Kramer B, Nalin AP, Ma F, Eickhoff S, Lutz P, Leonardelli S, Goeser F, Finnemann C, Hack G, Raabe J, et al. Single-cell RNA sequencing identifies a population of human liver-type ILC1s. Cell Rep. 2023;42(1):111937.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ramachandran P, Dobie R, Wilson-Kanamori JR, Dora EF, Henderson BEP, Luu NT, Portman JR, Matchett KP, Brice M, Marwick JA, et al. Resolving the fibrotic niche of human liver cirrhosis at single-cell level. Nature. 2019;575(7783):512–8.
Article ADS PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Haderer M, Neubert P, Rinner E, Scholtis A, Broncy L, Gschwendtner H, Kandulski A, Pavel V, Mehrl A, Brochhausen C, et al. Novel pathomechanism for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: disruption of cell junctions by cellular and bacterial proteases. Gut. 2022;71(3):580–92.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Moghadamrad S, Hassan M, McCoy KD, Kirundi J, Kellmann P, De Gottardi A. Attenuated fibrosis in specific pathogen-free microbiota in experimental cholestasis- and toxin-induced liver injury. FASEB J. 2019;33(11):12464–76.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Paone P, Cani PD. Mucus barrier, mucins and gut microbiota: the expected slimy partners? Gut. 2020;69(12):2232–43.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Johansson ME, Sjovall H, Hansson GC. The gastrointestinal mucus system in health and disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;10(6):352–61.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Grondin JA, Kwon YH, Far PM, Haq S, Khan WI. Mucins in intestinal mucosal defense and inflammation: learning from clinical and experimental studies. Front Immunol. 2020;11:2054.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Patel VC, Lee S, McPhail MJW, Da Silva K, Guilly S, Zamalloa A, Witherden E, Støy S, Manakkat Vijay GK, Pons N, et al. Rifaximin-α reduces gut-derived inflammation and mucin degradation in cirrhosis and encephalopathy: RIFSYS randomised controlled trial. J Hepatol. 2022;76(2):332–42.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Bajaj JS, Kakiyama G, Savidge T, Takei H, Kassam ZA, Fagan A, Gavis EA, Pandak WM, Nittono H, Hylemon PB, et al. Antibiotic-associated disruption of microbiota composition and function in cirrhosis is restored by fecal transplant. Hepatology. 2018;68(4):1549–58.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Liu J, Sun J, Wang F, Yu X, Ling Z, Li H, Zhang H, Jin J, Chen W, Pang M, et al. Neuroprotective effects of clostridium butyricum against vascular dementia in mice via metabolic butyrate. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:412946.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chopyk DM, Grakoui A. Contribution of the intestinal microbiome and gut barrier to hepatic disorders. Gastroenterology. 2020;159(3):849–63.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Bajaj JS, Betrapally NS, Hylemon PB, Thacker LR, Daita K, Kang DJ, White MB, Unser AB, Fagan A, Gavis EA, et al. Gut microbiota alterations can predict hospitalizations in cirrhosis independent of diabetes mellitus. Sci Rep. 2015;5:18559.
Article ADS PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Bloom PP, Rao K, Bassis CM, Zhou SY, Nojkov B, Owyang C, Young VB, Lok AS. Duodenal permeability is associated with mucosal microbiota in compensated cirrhosis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2022;13(10):e00522.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Chen Y, Ji F, Guo J, Shi D, Fang D, Li L. Dysbiosis of small intestinal microbiota in liver cirrhosis and its association with etiology. Sci Rep. 2016;6:34055.
Article ADS PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Bajaj JS, Kakiyama G, Zhao D, Takei H, Fagan A, Hylemon P, Zhou H, Pandak WM, Nittono H, Fiehn O, et al. Continued alcohol misuse in human cirrhosis is associated with an impaired gut-liver axis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2017;41(11):1857–65.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Zou J, Liu C, Jiang S, Qian D, Duan J. Cross talk between gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal immunity in the development of ulcerative colitis. Infect Immun. 2021;89(9):e0001421.
Sonnenberg GF, Fouser LA, Artis D. Border patrol: regulation of immunity, inflammation and tissue homeostasis at barrier surfaces by IL-22. Nat Immunol. 2011;12(5):383–90.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Lv J, Meng S, Gu Q, Zheng R, Gao X, Kim JD, Chen M, Xia B, Zuo Y, Zhu S, et al. Epigenetic landscape reveals MECOM as an endothelial lineage regulator. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):2390.
Article ADS PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Zuluaga P, Sanvisens A, Teniente-Serra A, El Ars O, Fuster D, Quirant-Sánchez B, Martínez-Cáceres E, Muga R. Loss of naive T lymphocytes is associated with advanced liver fibrosis in alcohol use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;213:108046.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Bottois H, Ngollo M, Hammoudi N, Courau T, Bonnereau J, Chardiny V, Grand C, Gergaud B, Allez M, Le Bourhis L. KLRG1 and CD103 expressions define distinct intestinal tissue-resident memory CD8 T cell subsets modulated in crohn’s disease. Front Immunol. 2020;11:896.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Topham DJ, Reilly EC. Tissue-resident memory CD8(+) T cells: from phenotype to function. Front Immunol. 2018;9:515.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
You Z, Li Y, Wang Q, Zhao Z, Li Y, Qian Q, Li B, Zhang J, Huang B, Liang J, et al. The clinical significance of hepatic CD69(+) CD103(+) CD8(+) resident-memory T cells in autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 2021;74(2):847–63.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Munoz L, Caparros E, Albillos A, Frances R. The shaping of gut immunity in cirrhosis. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1139554.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Kronsten VT, Woodhouse CA, Zamalloa A, Lim TY, Edwards LA, Martinez-Llordella M, Sanchez-Fueyo A, Shawcross DL. Exaggerated inflammatory response to bacterial products in decompensated cirrhotic patients is orchestrated by interferons IL-6 and IL-8. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2022;322(5):G489–99.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Hartmann P, Chen P, Wang HJ, Wang L, McCole DF, Brandl K, Starkel P, Belzer C, Hellerbrand C, Tsukamoto H, et al. Deficiency of intestinal mucin-2 ameliorates experimental alcoholic liver disease in mice. Hepatology. 2013;58(1):108–19.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Noah TK, Lo YH, Price A, Chen G, King E, Washington MK, Aronow BJ, Shroyer NF. SPDEF functions as a colorectal tumor suppressor by inhibiting β-catenin activity. Gastroenterology. 2013;144(5):1012-1023.e1016.
Comments (0)