DeFronzo RA, Tripathy D. Skeletal muscle insulin resistance is the primary defect in type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(Suppl 2):157–63.

Article  Google Scholar 

Vaziri ND. Dyslipidemia of chronic Renal Failure: the nature, mechanisms, and potential consequences. Am J Physiol Ren Physiol. 2006;290(2):F262–272.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Guerrero-Romero F, Simental-Mendía LE, González-Ortiz M, Martínez-Abundis E, Ramos-Zavala MG, Hernández-González SO, Jacques-Camarena O, Rodríguez-Morán M. The product of triglycerides and glucose, a simple measure of insulin sensitivity. Comparison with the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(7):3347–51.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Simental-Mendía LE, Rodríguez-Morán M, Guerrero-Romero F. The product of fasting glucose and triglycerides as surrogate for identifying insulin resistance in apparently healthy subjects. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2008;6(4):299–304.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang A, Tian X, Zuo Y, Chen S, Meng X, Wu S, Wang Y. Change in triglyceride-glucose index predicts the risk of Cardiovascular Disease in the general population: a prospective cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20(1):113.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wang A, Wang G, Liu Q, Zuo Y, Chen S, Tao B, Tian X, Wang P, Meng X, Wu S, et al. Triglyceride-glucose index and the risk of Stroke and its subtypes in the general population: an 11-year follow-up. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20(1):46.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Liu X, Abudukeremu A, Jiang Y, Cao Z, Wu M, Ma J, Sun R, He W, Chen Z, Chen Y, et al. U-shaped association between the triglyceride-glucose index and atrial fibrillation incidence in a general population without known Cardiovascular Disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22(1):118.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

da Silva A, Caldas APS, Hermsdorff HHM, Bersch-Ferreira ÂC, Torreglosa CR, Weber B, Bressan J. Triglyceride-glucose index is associated with symptomatic coronary artery Disease in patients in secondary care. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2019;18(1):89.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hou Z, Pan Y, Yang Y, Yang X, Xiang X, Wang Y, Li Z, Zhao X, Li H, Meng X, et al. An analysis of the potential relationship of triglyceride glucose and body Mass Index with Stroke Prognosis. Front Neurol. 2021;12:630140.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu X, Tan Z, Huang Y, Zhao H, Liu M, Yu P, Ma J, Zhao Y, Zhu W, Wang J. Relationship between the triglyceride-glucose index and risk of Cardiovascular Diseases and mortality in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21(1):124.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yan F, Yan S, Wang J, Cui Y, Chen F, Fang F, Cui W. Association between triglyceride glucose index and risk of Cerebrovascular Disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21(1):226.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yang J, Tang YD, Zheng Y, Li C, Zhou Q, Gao J, Meng X, Zhang K, Wang W, Shao C. The impact of the triglyceride-glucose index on poor prognosis in NonDiabetic patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Front Endocrinol. 2021;12:710240.

Article  Google Scholar 

Chen W, Ding S, Tu J, Xiao G, Chen K, Zhang Y, Huang R, Liao Y. Association between the insulin resistance marker TyG index and subsequent adverse long-term cardiovascular events in young and middle-aged US adults based on obesity status. Lipids Health Dis. 2023;22(1):65.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Singh S, Sharma R, Kumari M, Tiwari S. Insulin receptors in the kidneys in health and Disease. World J Nephrol. 2019;8(1):11–22.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Zhang YL, Castro AF 3rd, Feldman HI, Kusek JW, Eggers P, Van Lente F, Greene T, et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(9):604–12.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Berge RK, Tronstad KJ, Berge K, Rost TH, Wergedahl H, Gudbrandsen OA, Skorve J. The metabolic syndrome and the hepatic fatty acid drainage hypothesis. Biochimie. 2005;87(1):15–20.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Avramoglu RK, Basciano H, Adeli K. Lipid and lipoprotein dysregulation in insulin resistant states. Clin Chim Acta. 2006;368(1–2):1–19.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ueki K, Kondo T, Tseng YH, Kahn CR. Central role of suppressors of cytokine signaling proteins in hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome in the mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(28):10422–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Arner P. The adipocyte in insulin resistance: key molecules and the impact of the thiazolidinediones. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2003;14(3):137–45.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Liu XC, He GD, Lo K, Huang YQ, Feng YQ. The triglyceride-glucose index, an insulin resistance marker, was non-linear Associated with all-cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in the General Population. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2020;7:628109.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Fujita F, Diener E, Sandvik E. Gender differences in negative affect and well-being: the case for emotional intensity. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1991;61(3):427–34.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Provenzano M, Coppolino G, Faga T, Garofalo C, Serra R, Andreucci M. Epidemiology of cardiovascular risk in chronic Kidney Disease patients: the real silent killer. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2019;20(4):209–20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Freeman AM, Pennings N. Insulin Resistance. In: StatPearls edn. Treasure Island (FL) ineligible companies. Disclosure: Nicholas Pennings declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.: StatPearls Publishing Copyright © 2023, StatPearls Publishing LLC.; 2023.

Shi Y, Hu L, Li M, Zhou W, Wang T, Zhu L, Bao H, Cheng X, Li P. Association between the Surrogate Markers of Insulin Resistance and chronic Kidney Disease in Chinese hypertensive patients. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:831648.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xu X, Tang X, Che H, Guan C, Zhao N, Fu S, Liu L, Ye Y, Guo M, Min H, et al. [Triglyceride-glucose product is an Independent risk factor for predicting chronic Kidney Disease in middle-aged and elderly population: a prospective cohort study]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2021;41(11):1600–8.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ren X, Jiang M, Han L, Zheng X. Association between triglyceride-glucose index and chronic Kidney Disease: a cohort study and meta-analysis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2023;33(6):1121–8.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yu Y, Gu M, Huang H, Cheng S, Deng Y, Cai C, Chen X, Niu H, Ning X, Hua W. Combined association of triglyceride-glucose index and systolic blood pressure with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among the general population. J Transl Med. 2022;20(1):478.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sechi LA, De Carli S, Bartoli E. In situ characterization of renal insulin receptors in the rat. J Recept Res. 1994;14(6–8):347–56.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Nakamura R, Emmanouel DS, Katz AI. Insulin binding sites in various segments of the rabbit nephron. J Clin Invest. 1983;72(1):388–92.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tiwari S, Sharma N, Gill PS, Igarashi P, Kahn CR, Wade JB, Ecelbarger CM. Impaired sodium excretion and increased blood pressure in mice with targeted deletion of renal epithelial insulin receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105(17):6469–74.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Meyer C, Stumvoll M, Nadkarni V, Dostou J, Mitrakou A, Gerich J. Abnormal renal and hepatic glucose metabolism in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Clin Investig. 1998;102(3):619–24.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cersosimo E, Judd RL, Miles JM. Insulin regulation of renal glucose metabolism in conscious dogs. J Clin Investig. 1994;93(6):2584–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gatica R, Bertinat R, Silva P, Carpio D, Ramírez MJ, Slebe JC, San Martín R, Nualart F, Campistol JM, Caelles C, et al. Altered expression and localization of insulin receptor in proximal tubule cells from human and rat diabetic kidney. J Cell Biochem. 2013;114(3):639–49.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tiwari S, Halagappa VK, Riazi S, Hu X, Ecelbarger CA. Reduced expression of insulin receptors in the kidneys of insulin-resistant rats. J Am Soc Nephrology: JASN. 2007;18(10):2661–71.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Eid A, Bodin S, Ferrier B, Delage H, Boghossian M, Martin M, Baverel G, Conjard A. Intrinsic gluconeogenesis is enhanced in renal proximal tubules of Zucker diabetic fatty rats. J Am Soc Nephrology: JASN. 2006;17(2):398–405.

Article  CAS