Unlocking the mysteries of VLDL: exploring its production, intracellular trafficking, and metabolism as therapeutic targets

Michos ED, McEvoy JW, Blumenthal RS. Lipid management for the Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(16):1557–67.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bjornson E, Adiels M, Taskinen MR, Burgess S, Rawshani A, Boren J, et al. Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein remnants, low-density lipoproteins, and risk of coronary Heart Disease: a UK Biobank study. Eur Heart J. 2023;44(39):4186–95.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang R, Zhang K. An updated ANGPTL3-4-8 model as a mechanism of triglyceride partitioning between fat and oxidative tissues. Prog Lipid Res. 2022;85:101140.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Das Pradhan A, Glynn RJ, Fruchart JC, MacFadyen JG, Zaharris ES, Everett BM, et al. Triglyceride lowering with Pemafibrate to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(21):1923–34.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ginsberg HN, Packard CJ, Chapman MJ, Boren J, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Averna M, et al. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their remnants: metabolic insights, role in atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease, and emerging therapeutic strategies-a consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(47):4791–806.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wadstrom BN, Pedersen KM, Wulff AB, Nordestgaard BG. Elevated remnant cholesterol, plasma triglycerides, and cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality. Eur Heart J. 2023;44(16):1432–45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bjornson E, Adiels M, Taskinen MR, Burgess S, Rawshani A, Boren J et al. Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein remnants, low-density lipoproteins, and risk of coronary Heart Disease: a UK Biobank study. Eur Heart J. 2023.

Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Nordestgaard BG, Christoffersen M. Triglyceride-rich remnant lipoproteins are more atherogenic than LDL per particle: is this important? Eur Heart J. 2023.

Ito MK. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, fibrates and niacin as therapeutic options in the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia: a review of the literature. Atherosclerosis. 2015;242(2):647–56.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Balling M, Afzal S, Varbo A, Langsted A, Davey Smith G, Nordestgaard BG. VLDL cholesterol accounts for one-half of the risk of Myocardial Infarction associated with apob-containing lipoproteins. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(23):2725–35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Castaner O, Pinto X, Subirana I, Amor AJ, Ros E, Hernaez A, et al. Remnant cholesterol, not LDL cholesterol, is Associated With Incident Cardiovascular Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(23):2712–24.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Feingold KR. Introduction to Lipids and Lipoproteins. In Endotext Edited by Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, Boyce A, Chrousos G, Corpas E, de Herder WW, Dhatariya K, Dungan K, Hofland J,. South Dartmouth (MA); 2000.

Norata GD, Tsimikas S, Pirillo A, Catapano AL. Apolipoprotein C-III: from pathophysiology to Pharmacology. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2015;36(10):675–87.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Olofsson SO, Stillemark-Billton P, Asp L. Intracellular assembly of VLDL: two major steps in separate cell compartments. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2000;10(8):338–45.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Raabe M, Flynn LM, Zlot CH, Wong JS, Veniant MM, Hamilton RL, et al. Knockout of the abetalipoproteinemia gene in mice: reduced lipoprotein secretion in heterozygotes and embryonic lethality in homozygotes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95(15):8686–91.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Luo F, Smagris E, Martin SA, Vale G, McDonald JG, Fletcher JA, et al. Hepatic TM6SF2 is required for Lipidation of VLDL in a Pre-golgi Compartment in mice and rats. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;13(3):879–99.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tiwari S, Siddiqi SA. Intracellular trafficking and secretion of VLDL. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012;32(5):1079–86.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yamaguchi J, Gamble MV, Conlon D, Liang JS, Ginsberg HN. The conversion of apoB100 low density lipoprotein/high density lipoprotein particles to apoB100 very low density lipoproteins in response to oleic acid occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum and not in the Golgi in McA RH7777 cells. J Biol Chem. 2003;278(43):42643–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gusarova V, Brodsky JL, Fisher EA. Apolipoprotein B100 exit from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is COPII-dependent, and its lipidation to very low density lipoprotein occurs post-ER. J Biol Chem. 2003;278(48):48051–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cartwright IJ, Higgins JA. Direct evidence for a two-step assembly of ApoB48-containing lipoproteins in the lumen of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of rabbit enterocytes. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(51):48048–57.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Luo F, Oldoni F, Das A. TM6SF2: a Novel Genetic Player in nonalcoholic fatty liver and Cardiovascular Disease. Hepatol Commun. 2022;6(3):448–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stillemark-Billton P, Beck C, Boren J, Olofsson SO. Relation of the size and intracellular sorting of apoB to the formation of VLDL 1 and VLDL 2. J Lipid Res. 2005;46(1):104–14.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Adiels M, Olofsson SO, Taskinen MR, Boren J. Overproduction of very low-density lipoproteins is the hallmark of the dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28(7):1225–36.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sirwi A, Hussain MM. Lipid transfer proteins in the assembly of apob-containing lipoproteins. J Lipid Res. 2018;59(7):1094–102.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ye J, Li JZ, Liu Y, Li X, Yang T, Ma X, et al. Cideb, an ER- and lipid droplet-associated protein, mediates VLDL lipidation and maturation by interacting with apolipoprotein B. Cell Metab. 2009;9(2):177–90.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rong X, Wang B, Dunham MM, Hedde PN, Wong JS, Gratton E et al. Lpcat3-dependent production of arachidonoyl phospholipids is a key determinant of triglyceride secretion. Elife. 2015; 4(.

Huang D, Xu B, Liu L, Wu L, Zhu Y, Ghanbarpour A, et al. TMEM41B acts as an ER scramblase required for lipoprotein biogenesis and lipid homeostasis. Cell Metab. 2021;33(8):1655–70. e8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dai W, Zhang H, Lund H, Zhang Z, Castleberry M, Rodriguez M, et al. Intracellular tPA-PAI-1 interaction determines VLDL assembly in hepatocytes. Science. 2023;381(6661):eadh5207.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yuan L, Kenny SJ, Hemmati J, Xu K, Schekman R. TANGO1 and Sect. 12 are copackaged with procollagen I to facilitate the generation of large COPII carriers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018;115(52):E12255–E64.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nakano A, Muramatsu M. A novel GTP-binding protein, Sar1p, is involved in transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the golgi apparatus. J Cell Biol. 1989;109(6 Pt 1):2677–91.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zanetti G, Pahuja KB, Studer S, Shim S, Schekman R. COPII and the regulation of protein sorting in mammals. Nat Cell Biol. 2011;14(1):20–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jensen D, Schekman R. COPII-mediated vesicle formation at a glance. J Cell Sci. 2011;124(Pt 1):1–4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fromme JC, Schekman R. COPII-coated vesicles: flexible enough for large cargo? Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2005;17(4):345–52.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang Y, Liu L, Zhang H, Fan J, Zhang F, Yu M, et al. Mea6 controls VLDL transport through the coordinated regulation of COPII assembly. Cell Res. 2016;26(7):787–804.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Auclair N, Sane AT, Ahmarani L, Patey N, Beaulieu JF, Peretti N et al. Sar1b mutant mice recapitulate gastrointestinal abnormalities associated with chylomicron retention disease. J Lipid Res. 2021; 62(100085.

Wang X, Wang H, Xu B, Huang D, Nie C, Pu L et al. Receptor-mediated ER export of lipoproteins controls lipid homeostasis in mice and humans. Cell Metab. 2020; 33(350 – 66.

Santos AJ, Nogueira C, Ortega-Bellido M, Malhotra V. TANGO1 and Mia2/cTAGE5 (TALI) cooperate to export bulky pre-chylomicrons/VLDLs from the endoplasmic reticulum. J Cell Biol. 2016;213(3):343–54.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

van Zwol W, van de Sluis B, Ginsberg H, Kuivenhoven JA. VLDL Biogenesis and Secretion: it takes a village. Preprints.org; 2023.

Rader DJ, deGoma EM. Future of cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors. Annu Rev Med. 2014;65:385–403.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jaye M, Lynch KJ, Krawiec J, Marchadier D, Maugeais C, Doan K, et al. A novel endothelial-derived lipase that modulates HDL metabolism. Nat Genet. 1999;21(4):424–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kobayashi J, Miyashita K, Nakajima K, Mabuchi H. Hepatic lipase: a comprehensive view of its role on plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2015;22(10):1001–11.

Article  CAS  PubMed 

留言 (0)

沒有登入
gif