G. B. Rajah and Y. Ding, “Experimental neuroprotection in ischemic stroke: a concise review,” Neurosurg. Focus, 42, No. 4, E2 (2017), https://doi.org/10.3171/2017.1.FOCUS16497.

C. R. Cassella and A. Jagoda, “Ischemic stroke: Advances in diagnosis and management,” Emerg. Med. Clin. North. Am., 35, No. 4, 911–930 (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emc.2017.07.007.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

G. G. Skibo, T. M. Kovalenko, I. V. Lushnikova, et al., Experimental Ischemia of the Brain, Naukova Dumka, Kyiv (2016).

Google Scholar 

Ya. Yaо, L. Chen, J. Xiao, et al., “Chrysin protects against focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice through attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammation,” Int. J. Mol. Sci., 15, No. 11, 20913–20926 (2014), https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms151120913.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

J. Koizumi, Y. Yoshid, T. Nakazama, and G. Ooneda, “Experimental studies of ischemic brain edema: 1. A new experimental model of cerebral embolism in rats in which recirculation can be introduced in the ischemic area,” Jpn. J. Stroke, 8, No. 1, 1-8 (1986), https://doi.org/10.3995/jstroke.8.1.

Article  Google Scholar 

J. Chen, Z. C. Xu, X. M. Xu, and J. H. Zhang, Animal Models of Acute Neurological Injuries, Totowa, New York (2009).

Book  Google Scholar 

J. F. Toole, Cerebrovascular Disorders [Russian translation], E. I. Guseva and A. B. Geht, eds., GEOTARMedia, Mpscow (2007).

R. A. G. Patel and P. W. McMullen, “Neuroprotection in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke,” Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis., 59, No. 6, 542–548 (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2017.04.005.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

I. L. G-Coviella and R. J. Wurtman, “Enhancement by cytidine of membrane phospholipid synthesis,” J. Neurochem., 59, No. 1, 338–343 (1992), https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb08909.x.

J. Astrup, “Energy-requiring cell functions in the ischemic brain. Their critical supply and possible inhibition in protective therapy,” J. Neurosurg., 56, No. 4, 482–497 (1982), https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1982.56.4.0482.

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

A. E. Hillis and J. C. Baron, “Editorial: the ischemic penumbra: still the target for stroke therapies?” Front. Neurol., 6, 85 (2015), https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2015.00085.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

K. Diederich, K. Frauenknecht, J. Minnerup, et al., “Citicoline enhances neuroregenerative processes after experimental stroke in rats,” Stroke, 43, No. 7, 1931–1940 (2012), https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.654806.

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

E. P. Kennedy and S. B. Weiss, “The function of cytidine coenzymes in the biosynthesis of phospholipids,” J. Biol. Chem., 222, No. 1, 193–214 (1956).

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

W. M. Clark, “Efficacy of citicoline as an acute stroke treatment,” Expert Opin. Pharmacother., 10, No. 5, 839–846 (2009), https://doi.org/10.1517/17460440902835475.

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

R. M. Adibhatla and J. F. Hatcher, “Citicoline decreases phospholipase A2 stimulation and hydroxyl radical generation in transient cerebral ischemia,” J. Neurosci. Res., 73, No. 3, 308–315 (2003), doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.10672.

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O. Hurtado, M. A. Moro, A. Cárdenas, , et al., “Neuroprotection afforded by prior citicoline administration in experimental brain ischemia: Effects on glutamate transport,” Neurobiol. Dis., 18, No. 2, 336–345 (2005).

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

W. R. Schabitz, J. Weber, K. Takano, et al., “The effects of prolonged treatment with citicoline in temporary experimental focal ischemia,” J. Neurol. Sci., 138, No. 1–2, 21–25 (1996), https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-510x(95)00341-x.

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O. Hurtado, J. M. Pradillo, D. Fernández-López, et al, “Delayed post-ischemic administration of CDP-choline increases EAAT2 association to lipid rafts and affords neuroprotection in experimental stroke,” Neurobiol. Dis., 29, No. 1, 123–131 (2008), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2007.08.004.

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

E. Z. Longa, P. R. Weinstein, S. Carlson, and R. Cummins, “Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniotomy in rats,” Stroke, 20, No. 1, 84–91 (1989), https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.20.1.84.

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

T. Chiang, R. O. Messing, and W.-H. Chou, “Mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion,” J. Vis. Exp., No. 48, 2761 (2011), https://doi.org/10.3791/2761.

Article  Google Scholar 

C. N. Joshi, S. K. Jain, and P. S R. Murthy, “An optimized triphenyltetrazolium chloride method for identification of cerebral infarcts,” Brain Res. Brain Res. Protoc., 13, No. 1, 11–17 (2004), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresprot.2003.12.001.

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O. I Savchyuk and G. G. Skibo, “Modeling of ischemic insult in rats within different periods of reperfusion,” Galytsk. Likar. Vistn., 20, No. 1, 75–77 (2013).

Google Scholar 

C. P. McGrаw, “Experimental cerebral infarction effects of pentobarbital in Mongolian gerbils,” Arch. Neurol., 34, No. 6, 334–336 (1977), https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1977.00500180028006.

Article  Google Scholar 

J. Bureš, O. Burešová, and J. P. Huston, Techniques and Basic Experiments for the Study of Brain and Behavior [Russian translation], Vysshaya Shkola, Moscow (1991).

Yu. T. Salyga, “Behavior of rats intoxicated by chlorpyrifos in the open-field test,” Tavrych. Med. Biol. Vistn., 15, No. 4, 332–335 (2012).

Google Scholar 

V. W. K. Tung, T. J. Burton, E. Dababneh, et al., “Behavioral assessment of the aging mouse vestibular system,” J. Vis. Exp., No. 89, 51605 (2014), https://doi.org/10.3791/51605.

Article  Google Scholar 

R. J. Carter, J. Morton, and S. B. Dunnett, “Motor coordination and balance in rodents,” Curr. Protoc. Neurosci., Chapter 8, Unit 8.12 (2001), https://doi.org/10.1002/0471142301.ns0812s15.

S. L. Sell., K. Johnon., D. S. DeWitt, and D. S. Prough, “Persistent behavioral deficits in rats following parasagittal fluid percussion injury,” J. Neurotrauma, 34, No. 5, 1086–1096 (2017), https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2016.4616.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

N. W. Manning, B. C. V. Campbell, T. J. Oxley, and R. Chapot, “Acute ischemic stroke: time, penumbra, and reperfusion,” Stroke, 45, No. 2, 640–644 (2014), https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.003798.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

J. N. Crawley, What’s Wrong with My Mouse? Behavioral Phenotyping of Transgenic and Knockout Mice, 2nd ed., Wiley (2007).

M. Gutiérrez-Fernández, B. Rodríguez-Frutos, B. Fuentes, et al., “CDP-choline treatment induces brain plasticity markers expression in experimental animal stroke,” Neurochem. Int., 60, No. 3, 310–317 (2012), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2011.12.015.

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

P. Grieb, “Neuroprotective properties of citicoline: facts, doubts and unresolved issues,” CNS Drugs, 28, No. 3, 185–193 (2014), https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-014-0144-8.

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar