W.J. Jeffcoate, Charcot neuro-osteoarthropathy. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 24(Suppl 1), 62–65 (2008)
K. Trieb, The Charcot foot: pathophysiology, diagnosis and classification. Bone Joint J. 98-b(9), 1155–1159 (2016)
N.L. Petrova, M.E. Edmonds, Acute Charcot neuro-osteoarthropathy. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 32(Suppl 1), 281–286 (2016)
D.K. Wukich, N.C. Schaper, C. Gooday et al., Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of active Charcot neuro-osteoarthropathy in persons with diabetes mellitus (IWGDF 2023). Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 40, e3646 (2024)
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
M.G. Savelieff, M.A. Elafros, V. Viswanathan et al., The global and regional burden of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 21, 17–31 (2025)
D. Selvarajah, D. Kar, K. Khunti et al., Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: advances in diagnosis and strategies for screening and early intervention. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 7, 938–948 (2019)
L.A. Lavery, D.G. Armstrong, R.P. Wunderlich et al., Diabetic foot syndrome: evaluating the prevalence and incidence of foot pathology in Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic Whites from a diabetes disease management cohort. Diabetes Care. 26, 1435–1438 (2003)
L. Metcalf, M. Musgrove, J. Bentley et al., Prevalence of active Charcot disease in the East Midlands of England. Diabet. Med. 35, 1371–1374 (2018)
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
O.L. Svendsen, O.C. Rabe, M. Winther-Jensen et al., How common is the rare Charcot foot in patients with diabetes? Diabetes Care. 44, e62–e63 (2021)
N.K. Cates, J. Tenley, H.R. Cook et al., A systematic review of angular deformities in Charcot neuroarthropathy. J. Foot Ankle Surg. 60, 368–373 (2021)
G. Bajaj, A. Chhabra, Bone marrow changes and lesions of diabetic foot and ankle disease: conventional and advanced magnetic resonance imaging. Semin Musculoskelet. Radiol. 27, 73–90 (2023)
R. Ahluwalia, A. Bilal, N. Petrova et al., The role of bone scintigraphy with SPECT/CT in the characterization and early diagnosis of stage 0 Charcot neuroarthropathy. J. Clin. Med. 9(12), 4123 (2020)
E.A. Chantelau, G. Grützner, Is the Eichenholtz classification still valid for the diabetic Charcot foot? Swiss med. Wkly. 144, w13948 (2014)
M.Y. Bajuri, S.L. Ong, S. Das et al., Charcot neuroarthropathy: current surgical management and update. Syst. Rev. Front. Surg. 9, 820826 (2022)
D. Pitocco, G. Scavone, M. Di Leo et al., Charcot neuroarthropathy: from the laboratory to the bedside. Curr. Diabetes Rev. 16, 62–72 (2019)
S. Yousaf, E.J.C. Dawe, A. Saleh et al., The acute Charcot foot in diabetics: diagnosis and management. EFORT Open. Rev. 3, 568–573 (2018)
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Y. Li, Y. Leng, Y. Liu et al., Advanced multifunctional hydrogels for diabetic foot ulcer healing: active substances and biological functions. J. Diabetes. 16, e13537 (2024)
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
H. Deng, B. Li, Q. Shen et al., Mechanisms of diabetic foot ulceration: A review. J. Diabetes. 15, 299–312 (2023)
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
J. Apelqvist, Diagnostics and treatment of the diabetic foot. Endocrine. 41, 384–397 (2012)
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
S. Tesfaye, A.J. Boulton, P.J. Dyck et al., Diabetic neuropathies: update on definitions, diagnostic criteria, Estimation of severity, and treatments. Diabetes Care. 33, 2285–2293 (2010)
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
R. Galiero, A. Caturano, E. Vetrano et al., Peripheral neuropathy in diabetes mellitus: pathogenetic mechanisms and diagnostic options. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24(4), 3554 (2023)
R. Pop-Busui, Autonomic diabetic neuropathies: A brief overview. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 206(Suppl 1), 110762 (2023)
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Y. Shi, P.M. Vanhoutte, Macro- and microvascular endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. J. Diabetes. 9, 434–449 (2017)
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
W. Jeffcoate, F. Game, The Charcot foot reflects a response to injury that is critically distorted by preexisting nerve damage: an imperfect storm. Diabetes Care. 45, 1691–1697 (2022)
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
T.H. Yates, S.R. Cooperman, D. Shofler et al., Current concepts underlying the pathophysiology of acute Charcot neuroarthropathy in the diabetic foot and ankle. Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol. 16, 839–845 (2020)
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
M. Brownlee, Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature. 414, 813–820 (2001)
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
J. Kim, The pathophysiology of diabetic foot: a narrative review. J. Yeungnam Med. Sci. 40, 328–334 (2023)
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
K.M. Raspovic, N.C. Schaper, C. Gooday et al., Diagnosis and treatment of active Charcot neuro-osteoarthropathy in persons with diabetes mellitus: A systematic review. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 40, e3653 (2024)
F.B. Ergen, S.E. Sanverdi, A. Oznur, Charcot foot in diabetes and an update on imaging. Diabet. Foot Ankle 4, 103402 (2013)
A. Wang, G. Lv, X. Cheng et al., Guidelines on multidisciplinary approaches for the prevention and management of diabetic foot disease (2020 edition). Burns Trauma. 8, tkaa017 (2020)
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
C.L. Ramanujam, A.C. Stuto, T. Zgonis, Surgical treatment of midfoot Charcot neuroarthropathy with osteomyelitis in patients with diabetes: a systematic review. J. Wound Care. 29, S19–s28 (2020)
R.H.R. Roberts, G.R. Davies-Jones, J. Brock et al., Surgical management of the diabetic foot: the current evidence. World J. Orthop. 15, 404–417 (2024)
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
M. Galli, G. Scavone, R. Vitiello et al., Surgical treatment for chronic Charcot neuroarthropathy. Foot. 36, 59–66 (2018)
R.T. Scott, W.T. Decarbo, C.F. Hyer, Osteotomies for the management of Charcot neuroarthropathy of the foot and ankle. Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg. 32, 405–418 (2015)
B. Rana, S. Patel, Results of ankle and Hind foot arthrodesis in diabetic Charcot Neuroarthropathy - A retrospective analysis of 44 patients. J. Clin. Orthop. Trauma. 23, 101637 (2021)
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
M.S. Pinzur, Surgical treatment of the Charcot foot. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 32(Suppl 1), 287–291 (2016)
C.L. Ramanujam, T. Zgonis, An overview of internal and external fixation
Comments (0)