P.G.    Murray, P.E. Clayton, S.D. Chernausek, A genetic approach to evaluation of short stature of undetermined cause. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 6, 564–574 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30034-2

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

J.    Yuan, Z. Du, Z. Wu, Y. Yang, X. Cheng, X. Liu, J. Jia, A novel diagnostic predictive model for idiopathic short stature in children. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 12, 721812 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.721812

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Q.    Li, Z. Chen, J. Wang, K. Xu, X. Fan, C. Gong, Z. Wu, T.J. Zhang, N. Wu, Molecular diagnostic yield of exome sequencing and chromosomal microarray in short stature: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 177, 1149–1157 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.3566

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

S.A.    Jaberi, A. Cohen, C. D’Souza, Y.M. Abdulrazzaq, S. Ojha, S. Bastaki, E.A. Adeghate, Lipocalin-2: Structure, function, distribution and role in metabolic disorders. Biomed. Pharmacother. 142, 112002 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112002

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

B.    Zerega, S. Cermelli, B. Michelis, R. Cancedda, F.D. Cancedda, Expression of NRL/NGAL (neu-related lipocalin/neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin) during mammalian embryonic development and in inflammation. Eur. J. Cell. Biol. 79, 165–172 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1078/s0171-9335(04)70019-9

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

H.C.    Owen, S.J. Roberts, S.F. Ahmed, C. Farquharson, Dexamethasone-induced expression of the glucocorticoid response gene Lipocalin 2 in chondrocytes. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 294, E1023–E1034 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00586.2007

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

D.    Costa, E. Lazzarini, B. Canciani, A. Giuliani, R. Spanò, K. Marozzi, A. Manescu, R. Cancedda, S. Tavella, Altered bone development and turnover in Transgenic mice over-expressing lipocalin-2 in bone. J. Cell. Physiol. 228, 2210–2221 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.24391

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

D.    Costa, R. Biticchi, S. Negrini, R. Tasso, R. Cancedda, F. Descalzi, G. Pennesi, S. Tavella, Lipocalin-2 controls the expression of SDF-1 and the number of responsive cells in bone. Cytokine. 51, 47–52 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2010.02.009

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

X.    Liu, J. Zhang, J. Yuan, R. Ding, T. Liu, J. Jia, LCN2 is a new diagnostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target in idiopathic short stature. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 26, 3568–3581 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.17408

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

J.   Conde, R. Gomez, G. Bianco, M. Scotece, P. Lear, C. Dieguez, J. Gomez-Reino, F. Lago, O. Gualillo, Expanding the adipokine network in cartilage: identification and regulation of novel factors in human and murine chondrocytes. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 70, 551–559 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2010.132399

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

A.   Grimberg, S. DiVall, C. Polychronakos, D. Allen, L. Cohen, J. Quintos, W. Rossi, C. Feudtner, M. Murad, Drug and Therapeutics Committee and Ethics Committee of the Pediatric Endocrine Society, Guidelines for growth hormone and Insulin-Like growth Factor-I treatment in children and adolescents: growth hormone deficiency, idiopathic short Stature, and primary Insulin-Like growth Factor-I deficiency. Horm. Res. Paediatr. 86, 361–397 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1159/000452150

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

T.   Oron, A. Krieger, M. Yakobovich-Gavan, A. Tenenbaum, R. Diamant, M. Phillip, L. Lazar, Diagnosing growth hormone deficiency: can a combined arginine and clonidine stimulation test replace 2 separate tests? Endocr. Pract. 28, 36–43 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eprac.2021.08.004

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

R.J.   Kuczmarski, M.F. Kuczmarski, A.F. Roche, 2000 CDC growth charts. Top. Clin. Nutr. 17, 15–26 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1097/00008486-200203000-00006

Article  Google Scholar 

C.   Mills, D. Condy, B. Cartmill, H. Drummond, C. Roarty, T. Waterfield, Defining age-specific reference intervals for biomarkers distinguishing bacterial from viral infection in paediatrics. Clin. Chim. Acta. 565, 119972 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2024.119972

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

I.   Cammisa, D. Rigante, C. Cipolla, (2025) A Theoretical Link Between the GH/IGF-1 Axis and Cytokine Family in Children: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Children (Basel) 12:. https://doi.org/10.3390/children12040495

P.   Thakore, A.M. Delany, miRNA-based regulation in growth plate cartilage: mechanisms, targets, and therapeutic potential. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 16, 1530374 (2025). https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2025.1530374

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

I.   Mosialou, S. Shikhel, N. Luo, P.I. Petropoulou, K. Panitsas, B. Bisikirska, N.J. Rothman, R. Tenta, B. Cariou, M. Wargny, E. Sornay-Rendu, T. Nickolas, M. Rubin, C.B. Confavreux, S. Kousteni, Lipocalin-2 counteracts metabolic dysregulation in obesity and diabetes. J. Exp. Med. 217 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20191261

S.A.   Wudy, S. Hagemann, A. Dempfle, G. Ringler, W.F. Blum, L.D. Berthold, G. Alzen, L. Gortner, J. Hebebrand, Children with idiopathic short stature are poor eaters and have decreased body mass index. Pediatrics. 116, e52–e57 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2004-1684

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

N.   Fisch-Shvalb, M. Zur, L. Lazar, R. Shamir, M. Phillip, M. Yackobovitch-Gavan, Dietary intake and sleep in late childhood - do shorter children have distinct patterns? Pediatr. Res. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-024-03678-3

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Y. Zhang, R. Foncea, J.A. Deis, H. Guo, D.A. Bernlohr, X. Chen, Lipocalin 2 expression and secretion is highly regulated by metabolic stress, cytokines, and nutrients in adipocytes. PloS One. 9(5), e96997 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096997

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

F.A. Scheer, J.L. Chan, J. Fargnoli, J. Chamberland, K. Arampatzi, S.A. Shea, G.L. Blackburn, C.S. Mantzoros, Day/night variations of high-molecular-weight adiponectin and lipocalin-2 in healthy men studied under fed and fasted conditions. Diabetologia. 53(11), 2401–2405 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-010-1869-7

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar