World Health Organization. Good health adds life to years: global brief for World Health Day 2012. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012.

Google Scholar 

Hill NR, Fatoba ST, Oke JL, et al. Global prevalence of chronic kidney disease—a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(7): e0158765. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158765.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

GBD Chronic Kidney Disease Collaboration. Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2020;395(10225):709–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30045-3.

Article  Google Scholar 

United States Renal Data System. 2022 USRDS annual data report: epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States. National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https://usrds-adr.niddk.nih.gov/2022. Accessed 24 Sept 2023

Docherty MH, O’Sullivan ED, Bonventre JV, Ferenbach DA. Cellular senescence in the kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019;30(5):726–36. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2018121251.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aucella F, Corsonello A, Leosco D, Brunori G, Gesualdo L, Antonelli-Incalzi R. Beyond chronic kidney disease: the diagnosis of Renal Disease in the Elderly as an unmet need. A position paper endorsed by Italian Society of Nephrology (SIN) and Italian Society of Geriatrics and Gerontology (SIGG). J Nephrol. 2019;32(2):165–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-019-00584-4.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Musso CG, Macias Nunez JF, Oreopoulos DG. Physiological similarities and differences between renal aging and chronic renal disease. J Nephrol. 2007;20(5):586–7.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’Sullivan ED, Hughes J, Ferenbach DA. Renal aging: causes and consequences. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;28(2):407–20. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2015121308.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lindeman RD, Tobin J, Shock NW. Longitudinal studies on the rate of decline in renal function with age. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1985;33(4):278–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1985.tb07117.x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Toyama T, Kitagawa K, Oshima M, et al. Age differences in the relationships between risk factors and loss of kidney function: a general population cohort study. BMC Nephrol. 2020;21(1):477. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-020-02121-z.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Denic A, Mathew J, Lerman LO, et al. Single-nephron glomerular filtration rate in healthy adults. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(24):2349–57. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1614329.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hoy WE, Douglas-Denton RN, Hughson MD, Cass A, Johnson K, Bertram JF. A stereological study of glomerular number and volume: preliminary findings in a multiracial study of kidneys at autopsy. Kidney Int Suppl. 2003;83:S31–7. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.63.s83.8.x.

Article  Google Scholar 

Esposito C, Plati A, Mazzullo T, et al. Renal function and functional reserve in healthy elderly individuals. J Nephrol. 2007;20(5):617–25.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(5):1047–53. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.5.1047.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oliveros E, Patel H, Kyung S, et al. Hypertension in older adults: assessment, management, and challenges. Clin Cardiol. 2020;43(2):99–107. https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.23303.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Franklin SS, Larson MG, Khan SA, et al. Does the relation of blood pressure to coronary heart disease risk change with aging? The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2001;103(9):1245–9. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.103.9.1245.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sumnu A, Gursu M, Ozturk S. Primary glomerular diseases in the elderly. World J Nephrol. 2015;4(2):263–70. https://doi.org/10.5527/wjn.v4.i2.263.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

El-Sharkawy AM, Devonald MAJ, Humes DJ, Sahota O, Lobo DN. Hyperosmolar dehydration: a predictor of kidney injury and outcome in hospitalised older adults. Clin Nutr. 2020;39(8):2593–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2019.11.030.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Khan S, Loi V, Rosner MH. Drug-induced kidney injury in the elderly. Drugs Aging. 2017;34(10):729–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-017-0484-4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abdel-Kader K, Palevsky PM. Acute kidney injury in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med. 2009;25(3):331–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2009.04.001.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Thompson S, James M, Wiebe N, et al. Cause of death in patients with reduced kidney function. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26(10):2504–11. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2014070714.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Taal MW, Masud T, Green D, Cassidy MJ. Risk factors for reduced bone density in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1999;14(8):1922–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/14.8.1922.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Qato DM, Alexander GC, Conti RM, Johnson M, Schumm P, Lindau ST. Use of prescription and over-the-counter medications and dietary supplements among older adults in the United States. JAMA. 2008;300(24):2867–78. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2008.892.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Laville SM, Metzger M, Stengel B, et al. Evaluation of the adequacy of drug prescriptions in patients with chronic kidney disease: results from the CKD-REIN cohort. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;84(12):2811–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13738.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mizokami F, Mizuno T. Acute kidney injury induced by antimicrobial agents in the elderly: awareness and mitigation strategies. Drugs Aging. 2015;32(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-014-0232-y.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Seliger SL, Siscovick DS, Stehman-Breen CO, et al. Moderate renal impairment and risk of dementia among older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Cognition Study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15(7):1904–11. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.asn.0000131529.60019.fa.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chillon JM, Massy ZA, Stengel B. Neurological complications in chronic kidney disease patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2016;31(10):1606–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfv315.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Drew DA, Weiner DE, Sarnak MJ. Cognitive impairment in CKD: pathophysiology, management, and prevention. Am J Kidney Dis. 2019;74(6):782–90. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.05.017.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Viggiano D, Wagner CA, Martino G, et al. Mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction in CKD. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020;16(8):452–69. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-020-0266-9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kurita N, Wakita T, Fujimoto S, et al. Hopelessness and depression predict sarcopenia in advanced CKD and dialysis: a multicenter cohort study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2021;25(5):593–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-020-1556-4.

Article  CAS  PubMed