Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the T1DEXI study participants for taking the time to participate in this study.

Data availability

The data that support the findings reported here are available on the Vivli Platform Repository (ID: T1-DEXI; dataset name: Type 1 Diabetes EXercise Initiative (T1DEXI): The Effect of Exercise on Glycemic Control in Type 1 Diabetes Study; https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.25934/PR00008428). The data package can be requested at https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.25934/PR00008428.1.

Funding

This study was supported by The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust. Verily (South San Francisco, CA) provided the Study Watch at no cost. Dexcom provided continuous glucose monitors at a discounted rate. CKM’s institution (Pennington Biomedical Research Center) is supported by a NORC Center grant (P30 DK072476) entitled ‘Nutrition and Metabolic Health Through the Lifespan’, sponsored by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), and by grant U54 GM104940 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, which funds the Louisiana Clinical and Translational Science Center. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust.

Authors’ relationships and activities

PGJ reports receiving grants from the National Institutes of Health, The Leona M. and Harry B. Charitable Trust, JDRF, Dexcom and the Oregon Health and Science University Foundation and consultancy fees from the Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (CDISC); US patents 62/352,939, 63/269,094, 62/944,287, 8810388, 9,480,418, 8,317,700, 61/570382, 8,810,388, 7,976,466 and 6,558,321; and stock options from Pacific Diabetes Technologies, outside the submitted work. MAC is Chief Medical Officer of Glooko and has received grants or contracts from Dexcom, Abbott Diabetes Care, the National Institutes of Health, JDRF, the Emily Rosebud Foundation, Eli Lilly, Tolerion and Garmin. SRP reports receiving grants from The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust, the National Institutes of Health and the Jaeb Center for Health Research, and honorarium from the ADA, outside the submitted work. JRC reports receiving grants from JDRF, the National Institutes of Health, Dexcom and Medtronic, and consultancy fees from Novo Nordisk, Insulet and Zealand, outside the submitted work. RWB reports receiving consulting fees, paid to his institution, from Insulet, Bigfoot Biomedical, vTv Therapeutics and Eli Lilly; grant support and supplies, provided to his institution, from Tandem and Dexcom; and supplies from Ascensia and Roche. MRR reports consultancy fees from Zealand Pharma. MCR reports receiving consulting fees from the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Eli Lilly, Zealand Pharma and Zucara Therapeutics; speaker fees from Sanofi Diabetes, Eli Lilly, Dexcom Canada and Novo Nordisk; and stock options from Supersapiens and Zucara Therapeutics. LVT, MCM, RLG, PC, ZL, CKM, FJD and MBG declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

Contribution statement

RLG, PGJ, MAC, CKM, FJD, SRP, JRC, MBG, MRR and MCR contributed to the conception or design of the T1DEXI study. RLG, PGJ and MAC contributed to the acquisition of data. LVT, MCM, PC and ZL contributed to the data analysis. LVT, MCM, RLG, PC, ZL, RWB, MRR and MCR contributed to interpretation of the data. LVT and MCR drafted the manuscript. All authors reviewed the work critically for important intellectual content and approved the final version submitted for publication. MCR is the guarantor of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.