Ferraro PM, Bargagli M, Trinchieri A, Gambaro G. Risk of kidney stones: influence of dietary factors, dietary patterns, and vegetarian-vegan diets. Nutrients. 2020;12:779.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zisman AL, Coe FL, Cohen AJ, Riedinger CB, Worcester EM. Racial differences in risk factors for kidney stone formation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;15:1166–73.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Scales CD Jr., Smith AC, Hanley JM, Saigal CS. Prevalence of kidney stones in the United States. Eur Urol. 2012;62:160–5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Trinchieri A, Ostini F, Nespoli R, Rovera F, Montanari E, Zanetti G. A prospective study of recurrence rate and risk factors for recurrence after a first renal stone. J Urol. 1999;162:27–30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Taylor EN, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC. Obesity, weight gain, and the risk of kidney stones. Jama. 2005;293:455–62.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ferraro PM, Taylor EN, Gambaro G, Curhan GC. Soda and other beverages and the risk of kidney stones. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8:1389–95.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bhupathiraju SN, Hu FB. Epidemiology of obesity and diabetes and their cardiovascular complications. Circ Res. 2016;118:1723–35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stokes A, Collins JM, Grant BF, Scamuffa RF, Hsiao CW, Johnston SS, et al. Obesity progression between young adulthood and midlife and incident diabetes: a retrospective cohort study of U.S. adults. Diabetes Care. 2018;41:1025–31.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen C, Ye Y, Zhang Y, Pan XF, Pan A. Weight change across adulthood in relation to all cause and cause specific mortality: prospective cohort study. Bmj. 2019;367:l5584.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu M, Zhang Z, Zhou C, He P, Zhang Y, Li H, et al. Relationship of weight change patterns from young to middle adulthood with incident cardiovascular diseases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106:e812–e823.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zheng Y, Manson JE, Yuan C, Liang MH, Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ, et al. Associations of weight gain from early to middle adulthood with major health outcomes later in life. Jama. 2017;318:255–69.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rockhill B, Newman B, Weinberg C. Use and misuse of population attributable fractions. Am J Public Health. 1998;88:15–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Siener R, Glatz S, Nicolay C, Hesse A. The role of overweight and obesity in calcium oxalate stone formation. Obes Res. 2004;12:106–13.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Poore W, Boyd CJ, Singh NP, Wood K, Gower B, Assimos DG. Obesity and its impact on kidney stone formation. Rev Urol. 2020;22:17–23.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sakhaee K, Maalouf NM, Sinnott B. Clinical review. Kidney stones 2012: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:1847–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen M, Tsai CW, Chang WS, Xiong GY, Xu Y, Bau DT, et al. High circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 reduces the risk of renal cell carcinoma: a Mendelian randomization study. Carcinogenesis. 2021;42:826–30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ekeruo WO, Tan YH, Young MD, Dahm P, Maloney ME, Mathias BJ, et al. Metabolic risk factors and the impact of medical therapy on the management of nephrolithiasis in obese patients. J Urol. 2004;172:159–63.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Trinchieri A, Croppi E, Montanari E. Obesity and urolithiasis: evidence of regional influences. Urolithiasis. 2017;45:271–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Apovian CM. Obesity: definition, comorbidities, causes, and burden. Am J Manag Care. 2016;22:s176–85.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boyd C, Wood K, Whitaker D, Assimos DG. The influence of metabolic syndrome and its components on the development of nephrolithiasis. Asian J Urol. 2018;5:215–22.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar