*Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon;

†Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom;

‡Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt;

§Faculty of Pharmacy, Alamein International University, Alamein City, Egypt; and

¶Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.

Correspondence: Ali H. Eid, PhD, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar (e-mail: [email protected]).

Supported by the American University of Beirut (Grant # MPP 320133 to A. H. Eid).

The authors report no conflicts of interest.

M. Fardoun performed the experiments and drafted the first version of the manuscript. A. F. El-Yazbi helped with the design of the experiments and analyzed the data. S. A. Nasser helped with data analysis and with writing the second draft of the manuscript. A. H. Eid conceived of the idea, designed the experiments and helped with the writing, as well as edited the final version of the manuscript.