Devinsky O, Vezzani A, O’Brien TJ, Jette N, Scheffer IE, de Curtis M, et al. Epilepsy. Nat Rev Dis Prim. 2018;4:18024.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Loscher W, Potschka H, Sisodiya SM, Vezzani A. Drug resistance in epilepsy: clinical impact, potential mechanisms, and new innovative treatment options. Pharmacol Rev. 2020;72:606–38.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ko Y, Lee C, Lee Y, Lee JS. Systematic approach for drug repositioning of anti-epileptic drugs. Diagnostics. 2019;9:208.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Greenfield LJ Jr. Molecular mechanisms of antiseizure drug activity at GABAA receptors. Seizure. 2013;22:589–600.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rudolph U, Knoflach F. Beyond classical benzodiazepines: novel therapeutic potential of GABAA receptor subtypes. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2011;10:685–97.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sieghart W, Savic MM. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology CVI: GABAA receptor subtype- and function-selective ligands: key issues in translation to humans. Pharmacol Rev. 2018;70:836–78.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brickley SG, Mody I. Extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors: their function in the CNS and implications for disease. Neuron. 2012;73:23–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Olsen RW, Sieghart W. International Union of Pharmacology. LXX. Subtypes of γ-aminobutyric acid A receptors: classification on the basis of subunit composition, pharmacology, and function. Update. Pharmacol Rev. 2008;60:243–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chattipakorn SC, McMahon LL. Strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors depress hyperexcitability in rat dentate gyrus. J Neurophysiol. 2003;89:1339–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kirchner A, Breustedt J, Rosche B, Heinemann UF, Schmieden V. Effects of taurine and glycine on epileptiform activity induced by removal of Mg2+ in combined rat entorhinal cortex–hippocampal slices. Epilepsia. 2003;44:1145–52.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Legendre P. The glycinergic inhibitory synapse. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2001;58:760–93.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kaputlu İ, Uzbay T. L-NAME inhibits pentylenetetrazole and strychnine-induced seizures in mice. Brain Res. 1997;753:98–101.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Macdonald RL, Kang JQ, Gallagher MJ. Mutations in GABAA receptor subunits associated with genetic epilepsies. J Physiol. 2010;588:1861–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chung SK, Vanbellinghen JF, Mullins JG, Robinson A, Hantke J, Hammond CL, et al. Pathophysiological mechanisms of dominant and recessive GLRA1 mutations in hyperekplexia. J Neurosci. 2010;30:9612–20.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Paucar M, Waldthaler J, Svenningsson P. GLRA1 mutation and long-term follow-up of the first hyperekplexia family. Neurol Genet. 2018;4:e259.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liao J, Zang J, Yuan F, Liu S, Zhang Y, Li H, et al. Identification and analysis of anthocyanin components in fruit color variation in Schisandra chinensis. J Sci Food Agric. 2016;9:3213–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Cai N-N, Wang Z-Z, Zhu X-C, Jiang Y, Zhu W-Q, Yang R, et al. Schisandrin A and B enhance the dentate gyrus neurogenesis in mouse hippocampus. J Chem Neuroanat. 2020;105:101751.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang C, Zhao X, Mao X, Liu A, Liu Z, Li X, et al. Pharmacological evaluation of sedative and hypnotic effects of schizandrin through the modification of pentobarbital-induced sleep behaviors in mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 2014;744:157–63.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen WW, He RR, Li YF, Li SB, Tsoi B, Kurihara H. Pharmacological studies on the anxiolytic effect of standardized Schisandra lignans extract on restraint-stressed mice. Phytomedicine. 2011;18:1144–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yan T, Wang N, Liu B, Wu B, Xiao F, He B, et al. Schisandra chinensis ameliorates depressive‐like behaviors by regulating microbiota‐gut‐brain axis via its anti‐inflammation activity. Phytother Res. 2021;35:289–96.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang Z, You L, Cheng Y, Hu K, Wang Z, Cheng Y, et al. Investigation of pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of schisandrin B in rats by HPLC-MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr. 2018;32:e4069.

Ma C, Sheng N, Li Y, Zheng H, Wang Z, Zhang J. A comprehensive perspective on the disposition, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics of representative multi-components of Dengzhan Shengmai in rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion after oral administration. J Ethnopharmacol. 2023;307:116212.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee TH, Jung CH, Lee DH. Neuroprotective effects of Schisandrin B against transient focal cerebral ischemia in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2012;50:4239–45.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li N, Liu J, Wang M, Yu Z, Zhu K, Gao J, et al. Sedative and hypnotic effects of Schisandrin B through increasing GABA/Glu ratio and upregulating the expression of GABAA in mice and rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;103:509–16.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mandhane SN, Aavula K, Rajamannar T. Timed pentylenetetrazol infusion test: a comparative analysis with s.c.PTZ and MES models of anticonvulsant screening in mice. Seizure. 2007;16:636–44.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

El-Mowafy AM, Abdel-Dayem MA. Novel protection by omega-3-FAs against strychnine-induced tonic-convulsion in mice: synergy with carbamazepine. J Food Sci Nutr Res. 2021;4:227–39.

Article  Google Scholar 

Gozzelino L, Kochlamazashvili G, Baldassari S, Mackintosh AI, Licchetta L, Iovino E, et al. Defective lipid signalling caused by mutations in PIK3C2B underlies focal epilepsy. Brain. 2022;145:2313–31.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Racine RJ. Modification of seizure activity by electrical stimulation: II. Motor seizure. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1972;32:281–94.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lemoine D, Jiang R, Taly A, Chataigneau T, Specht A, Grutter T. Ligand-gated ion channels: new insights into neurological disorders and ligand recognition. Chem Rev. 2012;112:6285–318.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Derchansky M, Rokni D, Rick J, Wennberg R, Bardakjian B, Zhang L, et al. Bidirectional multisite seizure propagation in the intact isolated hippocampus: the multifocality of the seizure “focus. Neurobiol Dis. 2006;23:312–28.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ramanjaneyulu R, Ticku MK. Interactions of pentamethylenetetrazole and tetrazole analogues with the picrotoxinin site of the benzodiazepine-GABA receptor-ionophore complex. Eur J Pharmacol. 1984;98:337–45.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Curia G, Longo D, Biagini G, Jones RS, Avoli M. The pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurosci Methods. 2008;172:143–57.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Akerman CJ, Cline HT. Refining the roles of GABAergic signaling during neural circuit formation. Trends Neurosci. 2007;30:382–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Han DY, Guan BJ, Wang YJ, Hatzoglou M, Mu TW. L-type calcium channel blockers enhance trafficking and function of epilepsy-associated alpha1(D219N) subunits of GABAA receptors. ACS Chem Biol. 2015;10:2135–48.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carvill GL, Weckhuysen S, McMahon JM, Hartmann C, Moller RS, Hjalgrim H, et al. GABRA1 and STXBP1: novel genetic causes of Dravet syndrome. Neurology. 2014;82:1245–53.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Audenaert D, Schwartz E, Claeys K, Claes L, Deprez L, Suls A, et al. A novel GABRG2 mutation associated with febrile seizures. Neurology. 2006;67:687–90.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maillard PY, Baer S, Schaefer E, Desnous B, Villeneuve N, Lepine A, et al. Molecular and clinical descriptions of patients with GABAA receptor gene variants (GABRA1, GABRB2, GABRB3, GABRG2): A cohort study, review of literature, and genotype-phenotype correlation. Epilepsia. 2022;63:2519–33.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central