Tang, T. C. et al. Materials design by synthetic biology. Nat. Rev. Mater. 6, 332–350 (2021).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Huang, Y. et al. Engineering microbial systems for the production and functionalization of biomaterials. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 68, 102154 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gilbert, C. et al. Living materials with programmable functionalities grown from engineered microbial co-cultures. Nat. Mater. 20, 691–700 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cao, Y. et al. Programmable assembly of pressure sensors using pattern-forming bacteria. Nat. Biotechnol. 35, 1087–1093 (2017).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pu, J. et al. Virus disinfection from environmental water sources using living engineered biofilm materials. Adv. Sci. 7, 1903558 (2020).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Liu, A. P. et al. The living interface between synthetic biology and biomaterial design. Nat. Mater. 21, 390–397 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Praveschotinunt, P. et al. Engineered E. coli Nissle 1917 for the delivery of matrix-tethered therapeutic domains to the gut. Nat. Commun. 10, 5580 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dai, Z. et al. Versatile biomanufacturing through stimulus-responsive cell-material feedback. Nat. Chem. Biol. 15, 1017–1024 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dai, Z. et al. Living fabrication of functional semi-interpenetrating polymeric materials. Nat. Commun. 12, 3422 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nguyen, P. Q. et al. Wearable materials with embedded synthetic biology sensors for biomolecule detection. Nat. Biotechnol. 39, 1366–1374 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bird, L. J. et al. Engineered living conductive biofilms as functional materials. MRS Commun. 9, 505–517 (2019).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Rodrigo-Navarro, A., Sankaran, S., Dalby, M. J., Del Campo, A. & Salmeron-Sanchez, M. Engineered living biomaterials. Nat. Rev. Mater. 6, 1175–1190 (2021).

Article  Google Scholar 

Bracha, D., Walls, M. T. & Brangwynne, C. P. Probing and engineering liquid-phase organelles. Nat. Biotechnol. 37, 1435–1445 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bourdeau, R. W. et al. Acoustic reporter genes for noninvasive imaging of microorganisms in mammalian hosts. Nature 553, 86–90 (2018).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nguyen, P. Q., Botyanszki, Z., Tay, P. K. R. & Joshi, N. S. Programmable biofilm-based materials from engineered curli nanofibres. Nat. Commun. 5, 4945 (2014).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huang, J. et al. Programmable and printable Bacillus subtilis biofilms as engineered living materials. Nat. Chem. Biol. 15, 34–41 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McBee, R. M. et al. Engineering living and regenerative fungal-bacterial biocomposite structures. Nat. Mater. 21, 471–478 (2021).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

An, B. et al. Programming living glue systems to perform autonomous mechanical repairs. Matter 3, 2080–2092 (2020).

Article  Google Scholar 

Wang, Y. et al. Living materials fabricated via gradient mineralization of light-inducible biofilms. Nat. Chem. Biol. 17, 351–359 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Caro-Astorga, J., Walker, K. T., Herrera, N., Lee, K. Y. & Ellis, T. Bacterial cellulose spheroids as building blocks for 3D and patterned living materials and for regeneration. Nat. Commun. 12, 5027 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Charrier, M. et al. Engineering the S-layer of Caulobacter crescentus as a foundation for stable, high-density, 2D living materials. ACS Synth. Biol. 8, 181–190 (2018).

Article  Google Scholar 

Kim, L. J. et al. Prospecting for natural products by genome mining and microcrystal electron diffraction. Nat. Chem. Biol. 17, 872–877 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ramirez, N. A., Das, A. & Ton-That, H. New paradigms of pilus assembly mechanisms in gram-positive actinobacteria. Trends Microbiol. 28, 999–1009 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moradali, M. F. & Rehm, B. H. Bacterial biopolymers: from pathogenesis to advanced materials. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 18, 195–210 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Blin, K. et al. antiSMASH 6.0: improving cluster detection and comparison capabilities. Nucleic Acids Res. 49, W29–W35 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Skinnider, M. A., Merwin, N. J., Johnston, C. W. & Magarvey, N. A. PRISM 3: expanded prediction of natural product chemical structures from microbial genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 45, W49–W54 (2017).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Weber, T. et al. CLUSEAN: a computer-based framework for the automated analysis of bacterial secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters. J. Biotechnol. 140, 13–17 (2009).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McConnell, S. A. et al. Protein labeling via a specific lysine-isopeptide bond using the pilin polymerizing sortase from Corynebacterium diphtheriae. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140, 8420–8423 (2018).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhao, N. et al. Development of a transcription factor-based diamine biosensor in Corynebacterium glutamicum. ACS Synth. Biol. 10, 3074–3083 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mandlik, A., Swierczynski, A., Das, A. & Ton-That, H. Pili in gram-positive bacteria: assembly, involvement in colonization and biofilm development. Trends Microbiol. 16, 33–40 (2008).

Ton‐That, H., Marraffini, L. A. & Schneewind, O. Sortases and pilin elements involved in pilus assembly of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Mol. Microbiol. 53, 251–261 (2004).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kang, H. J., Paterson, N. G., Gaspar, A. H., Ton-That, H. & Baker, E. N. The Corynebacterium diphtheriae shaft pilin SpaA is built of tandem Ig-like modules with stabilizing isopeptide and disulfide bonds. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 16967–16971 (2009).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kang, H. J. et al. A slow-forming isopeptide bond in the structure of the major pilin SpaD from Corynebacterium diphtheriae has implications for pilus assembly. Acta Crystallogr. D. Biol. Crystallogr. 70, 1190–1201 (2014).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kang, H. J., Coulibaly, F., Clow, F., Proft, T. & Baker, E. N. Stabilizing isopeptide bonds revealed in gram-positive bacterial pilus structure. Science 318, 1625–1628 (2007).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Budzik, J. M. et al. Intramolecular amide bonds stabilize pili on the surface of bacilli. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 19992–19997 (2009).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang, X. et al. Photocatalyst-mineralized biofilms as living bio-abiotic interfaces for single enzyme to whole-cell photocatalytic applications. Sci. Adv. 8, eabm7665 (2022).

Reddington, S. C. & Howarth, M. Secrets of a covalent interaction for biomaterials and biotechnology: SpyTag and SpyCatcher. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 29, 94–99 (2015).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lau, Y. H., Giessen, T. W., Altenburg, W. J. & Silver, P. A. Prokaryotic nanocompartments form synthetic organelles in a eukaryote. Nat. Commun. 9, 1311 (2018).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tang, H. et al. Efficient yeast surface-display of novel complex synthetic cellulosomes. Microb. Cell. Fact. 17, 122 (2018).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar