Gillies K, Brehaut J, Coffey T, Duncan EM, Francis JJ, Hey SP, et al. How can behaviour change science help us design better trials? Trials. 2021;22(1):882.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Weaver CM, Miller JW. Challenges in conducting clinical nutrition research. Nutr Rev. 2017;75(7):491–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gardner CD, Crimarco A, Landry MJ, Fielding-Singh P. Nutrition Study Design Issues—Important Issues for Interpretation. Am J Health Promot. 2020;34(8):951–4.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Thompson FE, Subar AF. Dietary Assessment Methodology. In: Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease. United States: Elsevier; 2017. 5–48.

Zhang Z, Peluso MJ, Gross CP, Viscoli CM, Kernan WN. Adherence reporting in randomized controlled trials. Clin Trials. 2014;11(2):195–204.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shiovitz TM, Bain EE, McCann DJ, Skolnick P, Laughren T, Hanina A, et al. Mitigating the Effects of Nonadherence in Clinical Trials. J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;56(9):1151–64.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mirmiran P, Bahadoran Z, Gaeini Z. Common Limitations and Challenges of Dietary Clinical Trials for Translation into Clinical Practices. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2021;19(3):e108170.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schwingshackl L, Schünemann HJ, Meerpohl JJ. Improving the trustworthiness of findings from nutrition evidence syntheses: assessing risk of bias and rating the certainty of evidence. Eur J Nutr. 2021;60(6):2893–903.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Newlands R, Duncan E, Presseau J, Treweek S, Lawrie L, Bower P, et al. Why trials lose participants: A multitrial investigation of participants’ perspectives using the theoretical domains framework. J Clin Epidemiol. 2021;137:1–13.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Duncan EM, Bennett T, Gillies K. Assessing effective interventions to improve trial retention: do they contain behaviour change techniques? Trials. 2020;21(1):213.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Michie S, Richardson M, Johnston M, Abraham C, Francis J, Hardeman W, et al. The behavior change technique taxonomy (v1) of 93 hierarchically clustered techniques: Building an international consensus for the reporting of behavior change interventions. Ann Behav Med. 2013;46(1):81–95.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Timlin D, McCormack JM, Kerr M, Keaver L, Simpson EEA. Are dietary interventions with a behaviour change theoretical framework effective in changing dietary patterns? A systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1857.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stensland KD, Sales AE, Damschroder LJ, Skolarus TA. Applying implementation frameworks to the clinical trial context. Implement Sci Commun. 2022;3(1):109.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Braakhuis A, Gillies N, Worthington A, Knowles S, Conner T, Roy R, et al. A Modern Flexitarian Dietary Intervention Incorporating Web-Based Nutrition Education in Healthy Young Adults: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc. 2021;10(12):e30909 (https://www.researchprotocols.org/2021/12/e30909).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ambrosini GL, Hurworth M, Giglia R, Trapp G, Strauss P. Feasibility of a commercial smartphone application for dietary assessment in epidemiological research and comparison with 24-h dietary recalls. Nutr J. 2018;17(1):5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Manatū Hauora. Eating and activity guidelines for New Zealand adults: Updated 2020. Wellington: Manatū Hauora; 2020.

Darnton A. Practical guide: An overview of behaviour change models and their uses. United Kingdom: Government Social Research Unit; 2008.

Ajzen I. The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process. 1991;50(2):179–211.

Article  Google Scholar 

Riebl SK, Estabrooks PA, Dunsmore JC, Savla J, Frisard MI, Dietrich AM, et al. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis: The Theory of Planned Behavior’s application to understand and predict nutrition-related behaviors in youth. Eat Behav. 2015;18:160–78.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Worthington A, Gillies N, Roy R, Braakhuis A. Development of eHealth-Based Behavior Change Support for Young Adults Using the Nine Principles Framework. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2023;55(1):38–47.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hoffmann TC, Glasziou PP, Boutron I, Milne R, Perera R, Moher D, et al. Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide. BMJ. 2014;348(mar07 3):g1687–g1687.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stunkard AJ, Messick S. The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger. J Psychosom Res. 1985;29(1):71–83.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wong JE, Haszard JJ, Howe AS, Parnell WR, Skidmore PML. Development of a healthy dietary habits index for New Zealand adults. Nutrients. 2017;9(5):454.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sam CHY, Skidmore P, Skeaff S, Parackal S, Wall C, Bradbury KE. Relative validity and reproducibility of a short food frequency questionnaire to assess nutrient intakes of New Zealand adults. Nutrients. 2020;12(3):619.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Munt AE, Partridge SR, Allman-Farinelli M. The barriers and enablers of healthy eating among young adults: a missing piece of the obesity puzzle: A scoping review. Obesity Reviews. 2017;18:1–17 (Blackwell Publishing Ltd).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goodyear VA, Wood G, Skinner B, Thompson JL. The effect of social media interventions on physical activity and dietary behaviours in young people and adults: a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2021;18(1):72.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3(2):77–101.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sung K, Cooper T, Kettley S. Adapting Darnton’s Nine Principles Framework for Behaviour Change: The UK Upcycling Case Study. Sustainability (Switzerland). 2022;14(3):1919.

Article  Google Scholar 

McEvoy CT, Moore SE, Appleton KM, Cupples ME, Erwin C, Kee F, et al. Development of a peer support intervention to encourage dietary behaviour change towards a Mediterranean diet in adults at high cardiovascular risk. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):1194.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Young C, Campolonghi S, Ponsonby S, Dawson SL, O’Neil A, Kay-Lambkin F, et al. Supporting Engagement, Adherence, and Behavior Change in Online Dietary Interventions. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2019;51(6):719–39.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hanrahan V, Lawrie L, Duncan E, Biesty L, Gillies K. Development of a co-designed behaviour change intervention aimed at healthcare professionals recruiting to clinical trials in maternity care. Trials. 2022;23(1):870.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Duncan A, Bonetti D, Clarkson J, Ramsay C. Improving trial questionnaire response rates using behaviour change theory. Trials. 2015;16(S2):P92.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Michie S, Atkins L, West R. The Behaviour Change Wheel. 1st ed. London: Silverback Publishing; 2014. 1003–1010.

Ashton LM, Sharkey T, Whatnall MC, Williams RL, Bezzina A, Aguiar EJ, et al. Effectiveness of interventions and behaviour change techniques for improving dietary intake in young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs. Nutrients. 2019;11(4):825 (MDPI AG).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cheng J, Liang HW, Klem ML, Costacou T, Burke LE. Healthy Eating Index Diet Quality in Randomized Weight Loss Trials: A Systematic Review. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2023;123(1):117–43.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yardley L, Morrison L, Muller I, Bradbury K. Maximizing User Engagement with Behavior Change Interventions. The Handbook of Behavior Change. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press; 2020. 361–71.

Cole-Lewis H, Ezeanochie N, Turgiss J. Understanding Health Behavior Technology Engagement: Pathway to Measuring Digital Behavior Change Interventions. JMIR Form Res. 2019;3(4):e14052.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Perski O, Blandford A, West R, Michie S. Conceptualising engagement with digital behaviour change interventions: a systematic review using principles from critical interpretive synthesis. Transl Behav Med. 2017;7:254–67 (Springer New York LLC).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Simeon R, Dewidar O, Trawin J, Duench S, Manson H, Pardo Pardo J, et al. Behavior Change Techniques Included in Reports of Social Media Interventions for Promoting Health Behaviors in Adults: Content Analysis Within a Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(6):e16002.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Willmott TJ, Pang B, Rundle-Thiele S. Capability, opportunity, and motivation: an across contexts empirical examination of the COM-B model. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1014.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ajzen I, Schmidt P. Changing Behavior Using the Theory of Planned Behavior. The Handbook of Behavior Change. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press; 2020. 17–31.

Broekhuizen K, Kroeze W, van Poppel MN, Oenema A, Brug J. A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials on the Effectiveness of Computer-Tailored Physical Activity and Dietary Behavior Promotion Programs: an Update. Ann Behav Med. 2012;44(2):259–86.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Michie S, Yardley L, West R, Patrick K, Greaves F. Developing and Evaluating Digital Interventions to Promote Behavior Change in Health and Health Care: Recommendations Resulting From an International Workshop. J Med Internet Res. 2017;19(6):e232.