Zika Virus Outbreaks: a Narrative Review

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Musso D, Nhan T, Robin E, Roche C, Bierlaire D, Zisou K, Yan AS, Cao-Lormeau VM, Broult J. Potential for Zika virus transmission through blood transfusion demonstrated during an outbreak in French Polynesia, November 2013 to February 2014. Eurosurveillance. 2014;19:20761.

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•• Qiu H-Y, Zhang N-N, Ma Q-Q, Li R-T, Guan M-Y, Zhang L-L, Zhou J, Zhang R-R, Huang X-Y, Yang W-H. Aerosolized Zika virus infection in Guinea pigs. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2022;11:2350–8. This study is crucial as it demonstrates the potential aerosol transmission of Zika virus (ZIKV) in guinea pigs, indicating the possibility of ZIKV spread through respiratory routes. The research provides valuable evidence of ZIKV's ability to cause systemic infection and elicit both innate and adaptive immune responses in aerosol-exposed guinea pigs. Understanding alternative transmission routes can aid in implementing targeted preventive measures and reinforce our knowledge of potential modes of ZIKV transmission, which is vital for controlling the spread of the virus in both animal and human populations.

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Nobrega GM, Samogim AP, Parise PL, et al. TAM and TIM receptors mRNA expression in Zika virus infected placentas. Placenta. 2020;101:204–7.

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•• Lee LJ, Komarasamy TV, Adnan NAA, James W, RMT Balasubramaniam V. Hide and seek: the interplay between Zika virus and the host immune response. Front Immunol. 2021;12. This review article extensively explores the intricate interactions between Zika virus (ZIKV) and the host immune response. It elucidates ZIKV's unique ability to spread through sexual and transplacental transmission, raising concerns about potential immunopathogenesis. The study's emphasis on the lack of approved antiviral drugs and vaccines underscores the importance of ongoing Zika research for future epidemic preparedness.

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•• Kaur G, Pant P, Bhagat R, Seth P. Zika virus E protein alters blood-brain barrier by modulating brain microvascular endothelial cell and astrocyte functions. 2023.02.09.527854. 2023;. This study establishes a relevant blood-brain barrier (BBB) model to investigate the effects of Zika virus (ZIKV) envelope (E) protein on human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) and astrocytes. The findings demonstrate that ZIKV E protein activation leads to changes in crucial endothelial junction proteins, compromising BBB integrity and permeability. The study's identification of upregulated genes related to leukocyte recruitment and proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines provides insights into the inflammatory response in both cell types, impacting viral access to the central nervous system and potential neuropathogenesis. These results are instrumental in understanding ZIKV's neurotropism and its implications for brain-related complications.

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•• Khan E, Jindal H, Mishra P, Suvvari TK, Jonna S. The 2021 Zika outbreak in Uttar Pradesh state of India: tackling the emerging public health threat. Trop Doct. 2022;52:474–8. This reference is significant as it provides insights into the 2021 Zika outbreak in Uttar Pradesh, India's most populous state. The paper discusses the challenges in containing the spread of Zika virus (ZIKV) in an area where other arboviral infections like Dengue, Chikungunya, and Malaria are also prevalent. This paper reports the first ever outbreak reported in Uttar Pradesh.

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Freitas DA, Souza-Santos R, Carvalho LM, Barros WB, Neves LM, Brasil P, Wakimoto MD. Congenital Zika syndrome: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0242367.

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