Ramharter M, Butler J, Mombo-Ngoma G, Nordmann T, Davi SD, Zoleko MR. The African eye worm: current understanding of the epidemiology, clinical disease, and treatment of loiasis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023;24:e165–78. Complete and up-to-date review on L. loa

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jacobsen KH, Andress BC, Bhagwat EA, Bryant CA, Chandrapu VR, Desmonts CG, et al. A call for loiasis to be added to the WHO list of neglected tropical diseases. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22(10):e299–302.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rodi M, Gross C, Sandri TL, Berner L, Marcet-Houben M, Kocak E, et al. Whole genome analysis of two sympatric human Mansonella: Mansonella perstans and Mansonella sp ‘DEUX’. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023;13:1159814–4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Carme B, Boulesteix J, Boutes H, Puruehnce MF. Five cases of encephalitis during treatment of loiasis with diethylcarbamazine. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1991;44(6):684–90.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boussinesq M. Loiasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2006;100(8):715–31.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chesnais CB, Takougang I, Paguélé M, Pion SD, Boussinesq M. Excess mortality associated with loiasis: a retrospective population-based cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):108–16. First study to highlight pathogenicity and mortality of loiasis

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hemilembolo MC, Niama AC, Campillo JT, Pion SD, Missamou F, Whittaker C, et al. Excess Mortality Associated With Loiasis: Confirmation by a New Retrospective Cohort Study Conducted in the Republic of Congo. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2023;10(3):ofad103.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lipner EM, Law MA, Barnett E, Keystone JS, von Sonnenburg F, Loutan L, et al. Filariasis in travelers presenting to the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network. PLOS Negl Trop Dis. 2007;1(3):e88.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Leder K, Torresi J, Libman MD, Cramer JP, Castelli F, Schlagenhauf P, et al. GeoSentinel surveillance of illness in returned travelers, 2007-2011. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(6):456–68.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Martelli G, Di Girolamo C, Zammarchi L, Angheben A, Morandi M, Tais S, et al. Seroprevalence of five neglected parasitic diseases among immigrants accessing five infectious and tropical diseases units in Italy: a cross-sectional study. Clin Microbiol Infect Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2017;23(5):335.e1–5.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Salas-Coronas J, Cabezas-Fernández MT, Lozano-Serrano AB, Soriano-Pérez MJ, Vázquez-Villegas J, Cuenca-Gómez JÁ. Newly Arrived African Migrants to Spain: Epidemiology and Burden of Disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;98(1):319–25.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vilajeliu Balagué A, de Las Heras Prat P, Ortiz-Barreda G, Pinazo Delgado MJ, Gascón Brustenga J, Bardají Alonso A. Imported parasitic diseases in the immigrant population in Spain. Rev Esp Salud Publica. 2014;88(6):783–802.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pousibet-Puerto J, Cabezas-Fernández MT, Lozano-Serrano AB, Vázquez-Villegas J, Soriano-Pérez MJ, Cabeza-Barrera I, et al. Submicroscopic malaria in migrants from sub-saharan Africa. Spain Emerg Infect Dis. 2019;25(2):349–52.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Churchill DR, Morris C, Fakoya A, Wright SG, Davidson RN. Clinical and laboratory features of patients with loiasis (Loa loa filariasis) in the U.K. J Inf Secur. 1996;33(2):103–9.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Ta-Tang TH, Crainey JL, Post RJ, Luz SL, Rubio JM. Mansonellosis: current perspectives. Res Rep Trop Med. 2018;9:9–24.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ferreira MU, Crainey JL, Gobbi FG. The search for better treatment strategies for mansonellosis: an expert perspective. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2023;24(15):1685–92. Up-to-date review on the treatment of Mansonella

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Asio SM, Simonsen PE, Onapa AW. Analysis of the 24-h microfilarial periodicity of Mansonella perstans. Parasitol Res. 2009;104(4):945–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gobbi F, Beltrame A, Buonfrate D, Staffolani S, Degani M, Gobbo M, et al. Imported Infections with Mansonella perstans Nematodes. Italy Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(9):1539–42.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gobbi F, Postiglione C, Angheben A, Marocco S, Monteiro G, Buonfrate D, et al. Imported loiasis in Italy: an analysis of 100 cases. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2014;12(6 Pt B):713–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bouchaud O, Matheron S, Loarec A, Dupouy Camet J, Bourée P, Godineau N, et al. Imported loiasis in France: a retrospective analysis of 167 cases with comparison between sub-Saharan and non sub-Saharan African patients. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):63–3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Puente S, Ramírez-Olivencia G, Lago M, Subirats M, Bru F, Pérez-Blazquez E, et al. Loiasis in sub-Saharan migrants living in Spain with emphasis of cases from Equatorial Guinea. Infect Dis Poverty. 2020;9(1):16–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gobbi F, Bottieau E, Bouchaud O, Buonfrate D, Salvador F, Rojo-Marcos G, et al. Comparison of different drug regimens for the treatment of loiasis-A TropNet retrospective study. PLOS Negl Trop Dis. 2018;12(11):e0006917–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bottieau E, Huits R, Van Den Broucke S, Maniewski U, Declercq S, Brosius I, et al. Human Filariasis in Travelers and Migrants: A Retrospective 25-year Analysis at the Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;74(11):1972–8. Large retrospective study on human filariasis in a non-endemic country with comparisons between travelers and migrants

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Puente S, Lago M, Subirats M, Sanz-Esteban I, Arsuaga M, Vicente B, et al. Imported Mansonella perstans infection in Spain. Infect Dis Poverty. 2020;9(1):105–5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tamarozzi F, Rodari P, Salas-Coronas J, Bottieau E, Salvador F, Soriano-Pérez MJ, et al. A large case series of travel-related Mansonella perstans (vector-borne filarial nematode): a TropNet study in Europe. J Travel Med. 2022;29(7) Multicentric review on mansonellosis in non-endemic countries

Gobbi F, Boussinesq M, Mascarello M, Angheben A, Gobbo M, Rossanese A, et al. Case report: Loiasis with peripheral nerve involvement and spleen lesions. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;84(5):733–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tamarozzi F, Buonfrate D, Ricaboni D, Ursini T, Foti G, Gobbi F. Spleen nodules in Loa loa infection: re-emerging knowledge and future perspectives. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22(7):e197–206. Clinical appearance of spleen nodules in loiasis, important yet neglected feature

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Akhoundi M, Marteau A, Mechaï F, Mantelet S, Izri A. Molecular characterization and genetic diversity of Loa loa parasites responsible of a long-delayed filarial infection in an immigrant patient inhabited in Paris. Microb Pathog. 2021;158:105101–1.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Coeuru D, Weber M, Couret C, Le Meur G, Lebranchu P. Subcutaneous upper eyelid Loa Loa macrofilariasis, case report. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2018;41(8):778–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rodriguez L, White JM, Richards NQ, You AX, Couser NL. An Adult Loa loa Worm in the Upper Eyelid: An Atypical Presentation of Loiasis in the United States. Case Rep Ophthalmol Med. 2021;2021:6630875–5.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Buell KG, Whittaker C, Chesnais CB, Jewell PD, Pion SDS, Walker M, et al. Atypical Clinical Manifestations of Loiasis and Their Relevance for Endemic Populations. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019;6(11):ofz417. Review on most important clinical features of loiasis

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Serre Delcor N, Maruri BT, Arandes AS, Guiu IC, Essadik HO, Soley ME, et al. Infectious Diseases in Sub-Saharan Immigrants to Spain. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;94(4):750–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bescond C, Eveillard M. A clandestine worm. Blood. 2018;131(13):1493–3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hochberg NS, Dinculescu VV, Nutman TB. Case 17-2023: A 58-Year-Old Woman with Fatigue, Abdominal Bloating, and Eosinophilia. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(23):2180–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kawashima A, Nomoto H, Takagi H, Hayakawa K, Komaki-Yasuda K, Kano S, et al. Mansonella perstans Infection in a Gabonese Immigrant in Japan: An Illustrative Case of a Clinical Conundrum and Management Dilemma. J Travel Med. 2023;

Gobbi F, Buonfrate D, Tamarozzi F, Degani M, Angheben A, Bisoffi Z. Efficacy of High-Dose Albendazole with Ivermectin for Treating Imported Loiasis, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019;25(8):1574–6. Treatment of loiasis in the absence of DEC

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Harder HI, Watson D. Human filariasis. Identification of species on the basis of staining and other morphologic characteristics of microfilariae. Am J Clin Pathol. 1964;42:333–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dennis DT, Kean BH. Isolation of microfilariae: report of a new method. J Parasitol. 1971;57(5):1146–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Garcia A, Abel L, Cot M, Richard P, Ranque S, Feingold J, et al. Genetic epidemiology of host predisposition microfilaraemia in human loiasis. Trop Med Int Health TM IH. 1999;4(8):565–74.