Terrault NA, Lok AS, McMahon BJ, Chang KM, Hwang JP, Jonas MM, et al. Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance. Hepatology. 2018;67(4):1560–1599

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sarin S, Kumar M, Lau G, Abbas Z, Chan H, Chen C, et al. Asian-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B: a 2015 update. Hep Intl. 2016;10:1–98

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lampertico P, Agarwal K, Berg T, Buti M, Janssen HL, Papatheodoridis G, et al. EASL 2017 clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2017;67(2):370–398

Article  Google Scholar 

Lim SG, Baumert TF, Boni C, Gane E, Levrero M, Lok AS, et al. The scientific basis of combination therapy for chronic hepatitis B functional cure. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;20(4):238–253

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li J, Fan P, Xu Z, Dong Y, Wang F, Hong W, et al. Functional cure of chronic hepatitis B with antiviral treatment in children having high-level viremia and normal or mildly elevated serum aminotransferase. J Clin Trans Hepatol. 2023. https://doi.org/10.14218/JCTH.2023.00014

Article  Google Scholar 

Zhu S, Zhang H, Dong Y, Wang L, Xu Z, Liu W, et al. Antiviral therapy in hepatitis B virus-infected children with immune-tolerant characteristics: a pilot open-label randomized study. J Hepatol. 2018;68(6):1123–1128

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhu S, Dong Y, Wang L, Liu W, Zhao P. Early initiation of antiviral therapy contributes to a rapid and significant loss of serum HBsAg in infantile-onset hepatitis B. J Hepatol. 2019;71(5):871–875

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang Y-T, Liu J, Pan X-B, Gao Y-D, Hu Y-F, Lin L, et al. Successful treatment of infantile hepatitis B with lamivudine: a case report. World J Clin Cases. 2021;9(14):3442

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li Y, Xiao Y, Li L, Song Y, Zhai X, Liu J, et al. The dynamic changes of HBV quasispecies diversity in infancy after immunoprophylaxis failure: a prospective cohort study. Virol J. 2021;18(1):236

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mason WS, Gill US, Litwin S, Zhou Y, Peri S, Pop O, et al. HBV DNA integration and clonal hepatocyte expansion in chronic hepatitis B patients considered immune tolerant. Gastroenterology. 2016;151(5):986–98.e4

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tu T, Zehnder B, Wettengel JM, Zhang H, Coulter S, Ho V, et al. Mitosis of hepatitis B virus-infected cells in vitro results in uninfected daughter cells. JHEP Rep. 2022;4(9): 100514

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kennedy PT, Sandalova E, Jo J, Gill U, Ushiro-Lumb I, Tan AT, et al. Preserved T-cell function in children and young adults with immune-tolerant chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology. 2012;143(3):637–645

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Le Bert N, Gill US, Hong M, Kunasegaran K, Tan DZ, Ahmad R, et al. Effects of hepatitis B surface antigen on virus-specific and global T cells in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Gastroenterology. 2020;159(2):652–664

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bertoletti A, Boni C. HBV antigens quantity: duration and effect on functional cure. Gut. 2022;71(11):2149–2151

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu LL, Huang TS, Shyu YC, Wang CL, Wang HY, Chen PJ. Gut microbiota in the innate immunity against hepatitis B virus—implication in age-dependent HBV clearance. Curr Opin Virol. 2021;49:194–202

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rosenthal P, Ling SC, Belle SH, Murray KF, Rodriguez-Baez N, Schwarzenberg SJ, et al. Combination of entecavir/peginterferon alfa-2a in children with hepatitis B e antigen-positive immune tolerant chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology. 2019;69(6):2326–2337

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

D’Antiga L, Aw M, Atkins M, Moorat A, Vergani D, Mieli-Vergani G. Combined lamivudine/interferon-alpha treatment in “immunotolerant” children perinatally infected with hepatitis B: a pilot study. J Pediatr. 2006;148(2):228–233

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar