Remote autonomous titration

Titration is an analytical method where a solution of known concentration, the titrant, is used to react with an analyte of unknown concentration. In a typical titration, the titrant is sequentially added to the sample until an endpoint is reached where the analyte is entirely consumed. This endpoint is commonly detected by a change in colour. Titration methods, also named titrimetry, have been around for a long time. One of the first titrations, reported in 1729, measured the concentration of acetic acid in vinegar by step-wise addition of a strong base. It was quickly realized that unequalled precision and accuracy could be obtained by careful volumetric addition of a titrant using a calibrated burette. Hundreds of types of titrations have been developed since that time, reflecting titrimetry’s exceptional accuracy, selectivity, and versatility. Today, it is not only a rite of passage for undergraduate chemistry students but remains widely used in industry and environmental monitoring because of its superior performance.

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