Masoli M, Holt S, Weatherall M, Beasley R. The dose-response relationship of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2004;4(2):144–8.
Salamé J, Tyan P, Salameh P, Waked M. Hyperreactive airway disease in adults: data from a national study in Lebanon. Lebanese Med J. 2014;62(3):143–9.
Akiki Z, Saadeh D, Farah R, Hallit S, Sacre H, Hosseini H, et al. Asthma prevalence and associated factors among Lebanese adults: the first national survey. BMC Pulm Med. 2021;21(1):162.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Accordini S, Corsico A, Cerveri I, Gislason D, Gulsvik A, Janson C, et al. The socio-economic burden of asthma is substantial in Europe. Allergy. 2008;63(1):116–24.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
National Asthma Education and Prevention Program TEPotDaMoA. Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma: Clinical Practice Guidelines. Bethesda (MD)2007.
Bahadori K, Doyle-Waters MM, Marra C, Lynd L, Alasaly K, Swiston J, et al. Economic burden of asthma: a systematic review. BMC Pulm Med. 2009;9:24.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cisternas MG, Blanc PD, Yen IH, Katz PP, Earnest G, Eisner MD, et al. A comprehensive study of the direct and indirect costs of adult asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111(6):1212–8.
Shaw DE, Sousa AR, Fowler SJ, Fleming LJ, Roberts G, Corfield J, et al. Clinical and inflammatory characteristics of the European U-BIOPRED adult severe asthma cohort. Eur Respir J. 2015;46(5):1308–21.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Buhl R, Humbert M, Bjermer L, Chanez P, Heaney LG, Pavord I, et al. Severe eosinophilic asthma: a roadmap to consensus. Eur Respir J. 2017;49(5):1700634.
Chung KF, Wenzel SE, Brozek JL, Bush A, Castro M, Sterk PJ, et al. International ERS/ATS guidelines on definition, evaluation and treatment of severe asthma. Eur Respir J. 2014;43(2):343–73.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Green RH, Brightling CE, McKenna S, Hargadon B, Parker D, Bradding P, et al. Asthma exacerbations and sputum eosinophil counts: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360(9347):1715–21.
Bakakos A, Loukides S, Bakakos P. Severe eosinophilic asthma. J Clin Med. 2019;8(9):1375.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bel EH, Wenzel SE, Thompson PJ, Prazma CM, Keene ON, Yancey SW, et al. Oral glucocorticoid-sparing effect of mepolizumab in eosinophilic asthma. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(13):1189–97.
Pavord ID, Korn S, Howarth P, Bleecker ER, Buhl R, Keene ON, et al. Mepolizumab for severe eosinophilic asthma (DREAM): a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2012;380(9842):651–9.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Casciano J, Krishnan JA, Small MB, Buck PO, Gopalan G, Li C, et al. Burden of asthma with elevated blood eosinophil levels. BMC Pulm Med. 2016;16(1):100.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Price DB, Rigazio A, Campbell JD, Bleecker ER, Corrigan CJ, Thomas M, et al. Blood eosinophil count and prospective annual asthma disease burden: a UK cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2015;3(11):849–58.
Castro M, Wenzel SE, Bleecker ER, Pizzichini E, Kuna P, Busse WW, et al. Benralizumab, an anti-interleukin 5 receptor α monoclonal antibody, versus placebo for uncontrolled eosinophilic asthma: a phase 2b randomised dose-ranging study. Lancet Respir Med. 2014;2(11):879–90.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Corren J, Weinstein S, Janka L, Zangrilli J, Garin M. Phase 3 study of reslizumab in patients with poorly controlled asthma: effects across a broad range of eosinophil counts. Chest. 2016;150(4):799–810.
Possa SS, Leick EA, Prado CM, Martins MA, Tibério IF. Eosinophilic inflammation in allergic asthma. Front Pharmacol. 2013;4:46.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Walford HH, Doherty TA. Diagnosis and management of eosinophilic asthma: a US perspective. J Asthma Allergy. 2014;7:53–65.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
de Groot JC, Ten Brinke A, Bel EH. Management of the patient with eosinophilic asthma: a new era begins. ERJ Open Res. 2015;1(1):00024.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Wenzel SE, Schwartz LB, Langmack EL, Halliday JL, Trudeau JB, Gibbs RL, et al. Evidence that severe asthma can be divided pathologically into two inflammatory subtypes with distinct physiologic and clinical characteristics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;160(3):1001–8.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Haldar P, Pavord ID, Shaw DE, Berry MA, Thomas M, Brightling CE, et al. Cluster analysis and clinical asthma phenotypes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;178(3):218–24.
Al-Jahdali H, Wali S, Albanna AS, Allehebi R, Al-Matar H, Fattouh M, et al. Prevalence of eosinophilic, atopic, and overlap phenotypes among patients with severe asthma in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pulm Med. 2022;22(1):67.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2022.
Weir CB, Jan A. BMI Classification percentile and cut off points. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing Copyright © 2022, StatPearls Publishing LLC.; 2022.
Nagasaki T, Sato K, Kume N, Oguma T, Sunadome H, Ito I, et al. The prevalence and disease burden of severe eosinophilic asthma in Japan. J Asthma. 2019;56(11):1147–58.
Athanazio R, Stelmach R, Antila M, Machado A, Arruda LK, Neto A, et al. Cross-sectional, observational study to estimate the prevalence of the eosinophilic phenotype for Brazilian patients with severe asthma: the BRAEOS study. Eur Respir J. 2020;56(suppl 64):205.
Hamilton D, Lehman H. Asthma phenotypes as a guide for current and future biologic therapies. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2020;59(2):160–74.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Fuseini H, Newcomb DC. Mechanisms driving gender differences in asthma. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2017;17(3):19.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Peters U, Dixon AE, Forno E. Obesity and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141(4):1169–79.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Thomson NC, Chaudhuri R, Livingston E. Asthma and cigarette smoking. Eur Respir J. 2004;24(5):822–33.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bantulà M, Roca-Ferrer J, Arismendi E, Picado C. Asthma and obesity: two diseases on the rise and bridged by inflammation. J Clin Med. 2021;10(2):169.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sideleva O, Suratt BT, Black KE, Tharp WG, Pratley RE, Forgione P, et al. Obesity and asthma: an inflammatory disease of adipose tissue not the airway. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186(7):598–605.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2021.
Humbert M, Beasley R, Ayres J, Slavin R, Hébert J, Bousquet J, et al. Benefits of omalizumab as add-on therapy in patients with severe persistent asthma who are inadequately controlled despite best available therapy (GINA 2002 step 4 treatment): INNOVATE. Allergy. 2005;60(3):309–16.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Weinstein SF, Katial R, Jayawardena S, Pirozzi G, Staudinger H, Eckert L, et al. Efficacy and safety of dupilumab in perennial allergic rhinitis and comorbid asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;142(1):171-7.e1.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ortega HG, Liu MC, Pavord ID, Brusselle GG, FitzGerald JM, Chetta A, et al. Mepolizumab treatment in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(13):1198–207.
Benralizumab (Fasenra) for Severe Eosinophilic Asthma. Jama. 2018;319(14):1501–2.
Marques Mello L, Viana KP, Moraes dos Santos F, Saturnino LT, Kormann ML, Lazaridis E, et al. Severe asthma and eligibility for biologics in a Brazilian cohort. J Asthma. 2021;58(7):958–66.
Comments (0)