From the *Department of Paediatrics, Women’s and Children’s Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

†Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

‡Department of Neonatology, Women’s and Children’s Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

§Department of Paediatrics, Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, Northern Territory, Australia

¶Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia

‖Vaccinology and Immunology Research Trials Unit, Women’s and Children’s Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

**Territory Pathology, Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, Northern Territory, Australia

††Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group & Vaccine Institute St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom.

Accepted for publication January 10, 2023

H.S.M. is an investigator on vaccine trials sponsored by Industry. H.S.M.’s and M.M.’s institution receives funding for investigator-led studies from Industry (Pfizer, GSK, Sanofi-Pasteur). H.S.M. and M.M. receive no personal payments from Industry. P.T.H.’s Institute receives research funding from Industry (GSK, Minervax, Pfizer) but P.T.H. receives no personal payments. All other authors have indicated they have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.

M.Y., H.S.M., P.T.H., M.M. and M.S. contributed to study design and protocol. A.G., J.R., A.W., R.L., K.C., O.P.Q., R.B., L.F. and J.R.F. identified cases and controls, and collected data. All authors contributed to interpretation of the study results and the manuscript. M.Y. is the primary author of this work.

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Address for correspondence: Helen S. Marshall, MBBS, MD, MPH, DCH, Vaccinology and Immunology Research Trials Unit, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia. E-mail: [email protected].