World Health Organization. Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 - 15 June 2022. 2022. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---15-june-2022. Accessed 15 Jun 2022.

Pereira MR, Arcasoy S, Farr MA, Mohan S, Emond JC, Tsapepas DS, et al. Outcomes of COVID-19 in solid organ transplant recipients: a matched cohort study. Transpl Infect Dis. 2021;23:e13637.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rinaldi M, Bartoletti M, Bussini L, Pancaldi L, Pascale R, Comai G, et al. COVID-19 in solid organ transplant recipients: no difference in survival compared to general population. Transpl Infect Dis. 2021;23:e13421.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

An W, Wang Q, Kim T-E, Kang J-S. Clinical characteristics and outcome of coronavirus disease 2019 infection in patients with solid organ transplants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect Public Health. 2022;15:365–72.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Favà A, Donadeu L, Sabé N, Pernin V, González-Costello J, Lladó L, et al. SARS-CoV-2-specific serological and functional T cell immune responses during acute and early COVID-19 convalescence in solid organ transplant patients. Am J Transplant. 2021;21:2749–61.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ochman M, Latos M, Galle D, Niepokój K, Stącel T, Urlik M, et al. COVID-19 among lung transplant recipients: a single center study. Transplant Proc. 2022;54(4):913–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Laothamatas K, Hum J, Benvenuto L, Shah L, Grewal HS, Pereira M, et al. One year into the pandemic: evolving COVID-19 outcomes in lung transplant recipients, a single-center experience. Transplant Direct. 2022;8:e1296.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kamp JC, Hinrichs JB, Fuge J, Ewen R, Gottlieb J. COVID-19 in lung transplant recipients–risk prediction and outcomes. PLoS ONE. 2021;16:e0257807 Chen RJ, editor.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Magnusson JM, Larsson H, Alsaleh A, Ekelund J, Karason K, Schult A, et al. COVID-19 in lung transplant recipients: an overview of the Swedish national experience. Transpl Int. 2021;34:2597–608.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heldman MR, Kates OS, Safa K, Kotton CN, Georgia SJ, Steinbrink JM, et al. Changing trends in mortality among solid organ transplant recipients hospitalized for COVID-19 during the course of the pandemic. Am J Transplant. 2022;22:279–88.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yeates EO, Nahmias J, Chinn J, Sullivan B, Stopenski S, Amin AN, et al. Improved outcomes over time for adult COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome or acute respiratory failure. PLoS ONE. 2021;16:e0253767 Chen RJ, editor.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Horwitz LI, Jones SA, Cerfolio RJ, Francois F, Greco J, Rudy B, et al. Trends in COVID-19 Risk-Adjusted Mortality Rates. J Hosp Med. 2021;16:90–2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Suthar AB, Wang J, Seffren V, Wiegand RE, Griffing S, Zell E. Public health impact of covid-19 vaccines in the US: observational study. BMJ. 2022;377:e069317.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Havlin J, Skotnicova A, Dvorackova E, Hubacek P, Svorcova M, Lastovicka J, et al. Impaired humoral response to third dose of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine despite detectable spike protein–specific T cells in lung transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2022;106:e183–4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Callaghan CJ, Mumford L, Curtis RMK, Williams SV, Whitaker H, Andrews N, et al. Real-world effectiveness of the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 and Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1-S vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in solid organ and islet transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2022;106:436–46.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Beigel JH, Tomashek KM, Dodd LE, Mehta AK, Zingman BS, Kalil AC, et al. Remdesivir for the treatment of Covid-19 – final report. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:1813–26.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ader F, Bouscambert-Duchamp M, Hites M, Peiffer-Smadja N, Poissy J, Belhadi D, et al. Remdesivir plus standard of care versus standard of care alone for the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (DisCoVeRy): a phase 3, randomised, controlled, open-label trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22:209–21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• WHO Solidarity Trial Consortium. Repurposed antiviral drugs for Covid-19 – Interim WHO Solidarity Trial Results. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:497–511. Findings from this study demonstrate the lack of efficacy of hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir indecreasing in-hosital COVID-19 mortality.

Goldman JD, Lye DCB, Hui DS, Marks KM, Bruno R, Montejano R, et al. Remdesivir for 5 or 10 days in patients with severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:1827–37.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Spinner CD, Gottlieb RL, Criner GJ, Arribas López JR, Cattelan AM, Soriano Viladomiu A, et al. Effect of remdesivir vs standard care on clinical status at 11 days in patients with moderate COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020;324:1048.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pettit NN, Pisano J, Nguyen CT, Lew AK, Hazra A, Sherer R, et al. Remdesivir use in the setting of severe renal impairment: a theoretical concern or real risk? Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73:e3990–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ackley TW, McManus D, Topal JE, Cicali B, Shah S. A valid warning or clinical lore: an evaluation of safety outcomes of remdesivir in patients with impaired renal function from a multicenter matched cohort. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2021;65:e02290-e2320.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Adamsick ML, Gandhi RG, Bidell MR, Elshaboury RH, Bhattacharyya RP, Kim AY, et al. Remdesivir in patients with acute or chronic kidney disease and COVID-19. J Am Soc Neph. 2020;31:1384–6.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gottlieb RL, Vaca CE, Paredes R, Mera J, Webb BJ, Perez G, et al. Early remdesivir to prevent progression to severe Covid-19 in outpatients. N Engl J Med. 2022;386:305–15.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Fact sheet for healthcare providers: emergency use authorization for PaxlovidTM. 2022. https://www.fda.gov/media/155050/download. Accessed 7 Jun 2022.

Hammond J, Leister-Tebbe H, Gardner A, Abreu P, Bao W, Wisemandle W, et al. Oral nirmatrelvir for high-risk, nonhospitalized adults with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2022;386:1397–408.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Prikis M, Cameron A. Paxlovid (nirmatelvir/ritonavir) and tacrolimus drug-drug interaction in a kidney transplant patient with SARS-2-CoV infection: a case report. Transpl Proc. 2022;54(6):1557–60.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Infectious Diseases Society of America. Management of drug interactions with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid®): resource for clinicians. 2022. https://www.idsociety.org/globalassets/idsa/practice-guidelines/covid-19/treatment/idsa-paxlovid-drug-interactions-resource-5-6-22-v1.1.pdf. Accessed 31 May 2022. Findings from this study demonstrate the lack of efficacy of hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir in decreasing in-hosital COVID-19 mortality.

Tian L, Pang Z, Li M, Lou F, An X, Zhu S, et al. Molnupiravir and its antiviral activity against COVID-19. Front Immunol. 2022;13:855496.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jayk Bernal A, Gomes da Silva MM, Musungaie DB, Kovalchuk E, Gonzalez A, Delos Reyes V, et al. Molnupiravir for oral treatment of Covid-19 in nonhospitalized patients. N Engl J Med. 2022;386:509–20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sukhatme VP, Reiersen AM, Vayttaden SJ, Sukhatme VV. Fluvoxamine: a review of its mechanism of action and its role in COVID-19. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:652688.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Homolak J, Kodvanj I. Widely available lysosome targeting agents should be considered as potential therapy for COVID-19. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;56:106044.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

•• Reis G, dos Santos Moreira-Silva EA, Silva DCM, Thabane L, Milagres AC, Ferreira TS, et al. Effect of early treatment with fluvoxamine on risk of emergency care and hospitalisation among patients with COVID-19: the TOGETHER randomised, platform clinical trial. Lancet Glob Health. 2022;10:e42-51. National guidelines with most up-to-date evidence for COVID-19 therapies.

•• COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment guidelines. National Institute of Health. 2022. https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/. Accessed 6 Apr 2022. National guidelines with most up-to-date evidence for COVID-19 therapies.

Bhimraj A, Morgan RL, Shumaker AH, Lavergne V, Baden L, Cheng VC-C, et al. Infectious disease society of America guidelines on the treatment and management of patients with COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;ciaa478.

Gupta A, Gonzalez-Rojas Y, Juarez E, Crespo Casal M, Moya J, Rodrigues Falci D, et al. Effect of sotrovimab on hospitalization or death among high-risk patients with mild to moderate COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2022;327:1236.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dougan M, Nirula A, Azizad M, Mocherla B, Gottlieb RL, Chen P, et al. Bamlanivimab plus etesevimab in mild or moderate Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:1382–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Weinreich DM, Sivapalasingam S, Norton T, Ali S, Gao H, Bhore R, et al. REGN-COV2, a neutralizing antibody cocktail, in outpatients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:238–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Iketani S, Liu L, Guo Y, Liu L, Chan JF-W, Huang Y, et al. Antibody evasion properties of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages. Nature. 2022;604:553–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kutzler HL, Kuzaro HA, Serrano OK, Feingold A, Morgan G, Cheema F. Initial experience of bamlanivimab monotherapy use in solid organ transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis. 2021;23. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/tid.13662. Accessed 22 Jun 2022.