Vladimir Tolochek1 1 Institute of Psychology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 13/1 Yaroslavskaya, Moscow, 1293666, Russian Federation Purpose. Purpose of the study: study and description of the profession as one of the forms of human labor activity, as a historically evolving phenomenon capable of generating new phenomena. Hypotheses: 1. Historically, the forms and types of human labor activity change, which “crystallize” in a few stable forms. 2. There are many different manifestations of forms and types of human labor activity, which are always culturally determined. 3. Complex, multifaceted social phenomena (work, profession, career, etc.) can be adequately represented through consistent systems for their description. Object: phenomena “labor” and “profession”; subject: forms of human labor activity. Methods: subject-categorical analysis, historical-evolutionary analysis. The experience of implementing an integrative, problem-based approach in the analysis of the phenomenon of labor (more precisely, the forms of human labor activity) is presented. In the first part of the research work (Tolochek, 2024) a theoretical and methodological analysis of literary sources was used, in the second (this work) a historical-evolutionary approach; in the third — the results of empirical research. The understanding of labor (work) in Marxism by humanists (T. More, T. Campanella) and scientists is critically examined. The historical conditions for the origin and formation of the three main forms of human labor activity (work, craft, profession), their characteristics, and evolution are analyzed. It is summarized: the three identified forms are a derivative of not only the technologies of activity, but also the social organizations of human communities in different historical eras; they are social constructions in which technologies of objective activity are immersed; they are special sociocultural environments in which a person finds himself, to which he is forced to obey, which leave him greater or lesser opportunities to change his activities and himself as an actor. Findings. A definition of three forms of human labor activity is proposed. Work is an activity represented by many individual actions that can be combined in different ways, divided, distributed among different performers, and carried out at different times. No special training is required for the subject. Craft is an activity that exists technologically as a whole, culminating in the production of a final product (service) in each space-time; preparation of the subject is one-time in one space-time. Profession is a specialized activity of an organized set of people with a wide range of discrete technological processes for the production of the final product from source materials with its separate preparation at each individual stage of technology, in which people as subjects participate to a limited extent — in the production of part of the product. Subject preparation is repeated, carried out in different space-time. The historical trend in the evolution of all forms is a decrease in the importance of human physical survival and an increase in the opportunities and conditions for his self-realization in the world of work through the construction of socio-cultural environments. These patterns can and should be used to design the professions of the future, or more broadly, various forms and types of human labor activity.

Citation: Tolochek V. (2025) Fenomen «professiya»: vozmozhnye izmereniya. Chast' vtoraya [Professional career as a phenomenon: open questions. Part two]. Organizational Psychology, vol. 15, no 1, pp. 275-296 (in Russian)

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