S. Mousavi Fard, A. Farhadian, M. Abbasabadi, Optical design and tolerance of a high efficiency laser polarization grating-polarization conversion system based and diffraction limited heads-up display projector. Laser Phys. 30, 126202 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1555-6611/abbe84

Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

J.E. Melzer, Head-mounted displays, in Digital Avionics Handbook (Spitzer, Ferrell and Ferrell, eds.) 3rd edn. CRC Press (2015)

T. Zhan, K. Yin, J. Xiong, Z. He, Sh. Wu, Augmented reality and virtual reality displays: perspectives and challenges. iScience 23(8), 101397 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2020.101397

Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

T. Finnich, R. Jensen, L. Jensen, L. Konge, E. Thinggaard, Virtual reality head-mounted displays in medical education: a systematic review. Simul Healthc. 18(1), 42–50 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1097/SIH.0000000000000636

Article  Google Scholar 

J. Xiong, E. Hsiang, Z. He, T. Zhan, S. Wu, Augmented reality and virtual reality displays: emerging technologies and future perspectives. Light Sci. Appl. 10, 216 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-021-00658-8

Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

H. Li, X. Zhang, G. Shi, H. Qu, Y. Wu, J. Zhang, Review and analysis of avionic helmet-mounted displays. Opt. Eng. 52(11), 110901 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.OE.52.11.110901

Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

S.S. Mousavi Fard, A.H. Farhadian, Design and analysis of an optically efficient and commercially viable OA-HMD. Opt. Continuum 4, 156–169 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTCON.542576

K. Duay, T. Nagai, Impact of field of view on color constancy in virtual reality. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 42, B199–B213 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.544170

Article  Google Scholar 

M.K. Tehrani, S.S. Mousavi Fard, Design of diffraction limited head mounted display optical system based on high efficiency diffractive elements. Curr. Opt. Photonics 1(2), 150–156 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3807/COPP.2017.1.2.150

Article  Google Scholar 

A.J. Yee, W. Song, N. Takaki, T. Yang, Y. Zhao, Y. Ni, S.Y. Bodell, J.P. Rolland, J.L. Bentley, D.T. Moore. Design of a freeform gradient-index prism for mixed reality head mounted display in Proc. SPIE 10676, Digital Optics for Immersive Displays, p. 106760S (2018). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2307733

J. Cho, S. Kim, Sh. Park, B. Lee, H. Kim, DC-free on-axis holographic display using a phase-only spatial light modulator. Opt. Lett. 43, 3397–3400 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.43.003397

Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

J. Kim, S.W. Oh, O.J. Choi, Optical see-through head-mounted display including transmittance-variable display for high visibility. J. Inf. Displ. 23(1), 1–7 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1080/15980316.2021.2018058

Article  Google Scholar 

L.H. Hwang, K.P. Hong, J.W. Choi, S.H. Lee, Practical design for holographic head-mounted display system using holographic printing technology, in Proc. SPIE 12445, Practical Holography XXXVII: Displays, Materials, and Applications, p. 124450N (2023). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2655308

Y. Zhang, F. Fang, Development of planar diffractive waveguides in optical see-through head-mounted displays. Precis. Eng. 60, 482–496 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precisioneng.2019.09.009

Article  Google Scholar 

J. Wang, Y. Liang, M. Xu, Design of a low distortion head-mounted display with freeform reflective mirror based on two ellipsoids structure. J. Opt. Soc. Korea 20, 234–238 (2016)

Article  Google Scholar 

Zh. Zheng, X. Liu, H. Li, L. Xu, Design and fabrication of an off-axis see-through head-mounted display with an x–y polynomial surface. Appl. Opt. 49, 3661–3668 (2010)

Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

H. Li, X. Zhang, Ch. Wang, J. Zhang, L. Wang, H. Qu, Design of an off-axis helmet-mounted display with freeform surface described by radial basis functions. Opt. Commun. 309, 121–126 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2013.06.054

Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

J. Wang, Q. Zhou, J. Chen, L. Hou, M. Xu, Design of a see-through off-axis head-mounted-display optical system with an ellipsoidal surface. Curr Opt Photonics 2(3), 280–285 (2018)

Google Scholar 

J.H. Wang, Y.C. Liang, M. Xu, Design of a see-through head-mounted display with a freeform surface. J. Opt. Soc. Korea. 19, 614–618 (2015)

Article  Google Scholar 

A. Wilson, H. Hua, Design and demonstration of a vari-focal optical see-through head-mounted display using freeform Alvarez lenses. Opt. Express 27, 15627–15637 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.27.015627

Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Q.-L. Zhao, Z.-Q. Wang, H.-Q. Guo, Q. Sun, Z.-W. Lu, Head-mounted display with LCOS using diffractive optical element. Optik 115(1), 11–14 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.27.015627

Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

L. Wei, Y. Li, J. Jing, L. Feng, J. Zhou, Design and fabrication of a compact off-axis see-through head-mounted display using a freeform surface. Opt. Express 26, 8550–8565 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.26.008550

Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

D. Cheng, H. Chen, Ch. Yao, Q. Hou, W. Hou, L. Wei, T. Yang, Y. Wang, Design. Stray light analysis, and fabrication of a compact head-mounted display using freeform prisms. Opt. Express 30, 36931–36948 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.472175

Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

J.P. Rolland, Wide-angle, off-axis, see-through head-mounted display. Opt. Eng. 39(7), 1760–1767 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.602555

Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

M. Andriani, A. Widyanti, R. Pramanda, An anthropometric study of head for designing ergonomic helmet for Acehnese adults. IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 722, 012033 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/722/1/012033

Article  Google Scholar 

M.F. Catapan, M.L.L.R. Okimoto, S.F.E. Santana, C.M.A. Silva, Y.W. Rodrigues, Anthropometric analysis of human head for designing ballistic helmets. Procedia Manuf. 3, 5475–5481 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.689

Article  Google Scholar 

Basic human body measurements for technological design—Part 1: Body measurement definitions and landmarks (ISO 7250-1:2017). https://www.iso.org/standard/65246.html

The CS-200 Chroma Meter. Konica Minolta Business Solutions Europe GmbH (2023). https://www.konicaminolta.eu