Willemze R, Hodak E, Zinzani PL, et al. Primary cutaneous lymphomas: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2018;29:30–40. https://doi.org/10.1093/ANNONC/MDY133.
Dummer R, Vermeer MH, Scarisbrick JJ, et al. Cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41572-021-00296-9.
Vermeer M. Epidemiology of cutaneous lymphoma. Br J Dermatol. 2021;184:993–4. https://doi.org/10.1111/BJD.19829.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Cai ZR, Chen ML, Weinstock MA, et al. Incidence trends of primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in the US from 2000 to 2018: a SEER population data analysis. JAMA Oncol. 2022;8:1690–2. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMAONCOL.2022.3236.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Dobos G, Miladi M, Michel L, et al. Recent advances on cutaneous lymphoma epidemiology. Presse Med. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LPM.2022.104108.
Willemze R, Cerroni L, Kempf W, et al. The 2018 update of the WHO-EORTC classification for primary cutaneous lymphomas. Blood. 2019;133:1703–14. https://doi.org/10.1182/BLOOD-2018-11-881268.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Litvinov IV, Shtreis A, Kobayashi K, et al. Investigating potential exogenous tumor initiating and promoting factors for cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL), a rare skin malignancy. Oncoimmunology. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1080/2162402X.2016.1175799.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Krejsgaard T, Lindahl LM, Mongan NP, et al. Malignant inflammation in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma—a hostile takeover. Semin Immunopathol. 2017;39:269. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00281-016-0594-9.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Li R, Strobl J, Poyner EFM, et al. Cutaneous T cell lymphoma atlas reveals malignant TH2 cells supported by a B cell-rich tumor microenvironment. Nat Immunol. 2024;25:2320–30. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41590-024-02018-1.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Campbell JJ, Clark RA, Watanabe R, Kupper TS. Sezary syndrome and mycosis fungoides arise from distinct T-cell subsets: a biologic rationale for their distinct clinical behaviors. Blood. 2010;116:767–71. https://doi.org/10.1182/BLOOD-2009-11-251926.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Latzka J, Assaf C, Bagot M, et al. EORTC consensus recommendations for the treatment of mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome - update 2023. Eur J Cancer. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EJCA.2023.113343.
Jawed SI, Myskowski PL, Horwitz S, et al. Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome): Part II. prognosis, management, and future directions. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;70:223.e1-223.e17. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAAD.2013.08.033.
Mehta AB, Nadkarni NJ, Patil SP, et al. Topical corticosteroids in dermatology. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2016;82:371. https://doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.178903.
Zackheim HS. Treatment of patch-stage mycosis fungoides with topical corticosteroids. Dermatol Ther. 2003;16:283–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1396-0296.2003.01639.X.
Farber EM, Cox AJ, Steinberg J, McClintock RP. Therapy of mycosis fungoides with topically applied fluocinolone acetonide under occlusive dressing. Cancer. 1966;19(2):237–45.
Kartan S, Shalabi D, O’Donnell M, et al. Response to topical corticosteroid monotherapy in mycosis fungoides. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;84:615–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAAD.2020.05.043.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Quaglino P, Prince HM, Cowan R, et al. Treatment of early-stage mycosis fungoides: results from the PROspective Cutaneous Lymphoma International Study (PROCLIPI study). Br J Dermatol. 2021;184:722. https://doi.org/10.1111/BJD.19252.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Zackheim HS, Kashani-Sabet M, Amin S. Topical corticosteroids for mycosis fungoides: experience in 79 patients. Arch Dermatol. 1998;134:949–54. https://doi.org/10.1001/ARCHDERM.134.8.949.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Gilmore ES, Alexander-Savino CV, Chung CG, Poligone B. Evaluation and management of patients with early-stage mycosis fungoides who interrupt or discontinue topical mechlorethamine gel because of dermatitis. JAAD Case Rep. 2020;6:878–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JDCR.2020.05.031.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
De Quatrebarbes J, Estève E, Bagot M, et al. Treatment of early-stage mycosis fungoides with twice-weekly applications of mechlorethamine and topical corticosteroids: a prospective study. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141:1117–20. https://doi.org/10.1001/ARCHDERM.141.9.1117.
Khalil S, Bardawil T, Stephan C, et al. Retinoids: a journey from the molecular structures and mechanisms of action to clinical uses in dermatology and adverse effects. J Dermatolog Treat. 2017;28:684–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546634.2017.1309349.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Scarisbrick JJ, Morris S, Azurdia R, et al. U.K. consensus statement on safe clinical prescribing of bexarotene for patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Br J Dermatol. 2013;168:192–200. https://doi.org/10.1111/BJD.12042.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Tanita K, Fujimura T, Sato Y, et al. Bexarotene reduces production of CCL22 from tumor-associated macrophages in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Front Oncol. 2019;9:468903. https://doi.org/10.3389/FONC.2019.00907.
Luna DE, Shinohara MM. New molecular and biological markers in cutaneous T cell lymphoma: therapeutic implications. Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 2023;18:83–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11899-023-00692-W.
Nieto-Rementería N, Pérez-Yarza G, Boyano MD, et al. Bexarotene activates the p53/p73 pathway in human cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Br J Dermatol. 2009;160:519–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2133.2008.08931.X.
Abbott RA, Whittaker SJ, Morris SL, et al. Bexarotene therapy for mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome. Br J Dermatol. 2009;160:1299–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2133.2009.09037.X.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Zhang C, Hazarika P, Ni X, Weidner DA, Duvic M. Induction of apoptosis by bexarotene in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cells. Clin Cancer Res. 2002;8(5):1234–40.
Budgin JB, Richardson SK, Newton SB, et al. Biological effects of bexarotene in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141:315–20. https://doi.org/10.1001/ARCHPEDI.161.4.356.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Wang L, Demarco SS, Chen J, et al. Retinoids bias integrin expression and function in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol. 2015;135:2102–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/JID.2015.122.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Richardson SK, Newton SB, Bach TL, et al. Bexarotene blunts malignant T-cell chemotaxis in Sezary syndrome: reduction of chemokine receptor 4-positive lymphocytes and decreased chemotaxis to thymus and activation-regulated chemokine. Am J Hematol. 2007;82:792–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/AJH.20952.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Kempf W, Mitteldorf C. Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas—an update 2021. Hematol Oncol. 2021;39:46–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/HON.2850.
Comments (0)