Howes OD, McCutcheon R, Agid O et al (2017) Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Treatment Response and Resistance in Psychosis (TRRIP) Working Group Consensus Guidelines on Diagnosis and Terminology. Am J Psychiatry 174:216–229. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16050503
Albitar O, Harun SN, Ahmad SNA, Sheikh Ghadzi SM (2021) A Repeated Time-to-Positive Symptoms Improvement among Malaysian Patients with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders Treated with Clozapine. Pharmaceutics 13:1121. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13081121
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Masuda T, Misawa F, Takase M et al (2019) Association With Hospitalization and All-Cause Discontinuation Among Patients With Schizophrenia on Clozapine vs Other Oral Second-Generation Antipsychotics: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cohort Studies. JAMA Psychiatry 76:1052–1062. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.1702
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Albitar O, Harun SN, Zainal H et al (2020) Population Pharmacokinetics of Clozapine: A Systematic Review. Biomed Res Int 2020:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9872936
Schaber G, Stevens I, Gaertner HJ et al (1998) Pharmacokinetics of clozapine and its metabolites in psychiatric patients: Plasma protein binding and renal clearance. Br J Clin Pharmacol 46:453–459. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2125.1998.00822.x
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Flanagan RJ, Gee S, Belsey S et al (2023) Therapeutic monitoring of plasma clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine (norclozapine): practical considerations. BJPsych Adv 29:92–102. https://doi.org/10.1192/BJA.2022.71
Albitar O, Ghadzi SMS, Harun SN et al (2023) Pharmacometric modeling of drug adverse effects: an application of mixture models in schizophrenia spectrum disorder patients treated with clozapine. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 50:21–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10928-022-09833-9
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hiemke C, Baumann P, Bergemann N et al (2011) AGNP Consensus Guidelines for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Psychiatry: Update 2011. Pharmacopsychiatry 44:195–235. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1286287
Rostami-Hodjegan A, Amin AM, Spencer EP et al (2004) Influence of Dose, Cigarette Smoking, Age, Sex, and Metabolic Activity on Plasma Clozapine Concentrations. J Clin Psychopharmacol 24:70–78. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jcp.0000106221.36344.4d
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Perry PJ, Bever KA, Arndt S, Combs MD (1998) Relationship between patient variables and plasma clozapine concentrations: a dosing nomogram. Biol Psychiatry 44:733–738. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(97)00531-3
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Thorn CF, Müller DJ, Altman RB, Klein TE (2018) PharmGKB summary: Clozapine pathway, pharmacokinetics. Pharmacogenet Genomics 28:214–222. https://doi.org/10.1097/FPC.0000000000000347
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Albitar O, Harun SN, Sheikh Ghadzi SM (2024) Semi-physiological Pharmacokinetic Model of Clozapine and Norclozapine in Healthy, Non-smoking Volunteers: The Impact of Race and Genetics. CNS Drugs 38:571–581. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-024-01092-1
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hägg S, Spigset O, Mjörndal T et al (1999) Absence of interaction between erythromycin and a single dose of clozapine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 55:221–226. https://doi.org/10.1007/S002280050621
Hägg S, Spigset O, Mjörndal T, Dahlqvist R (2000) Effect of caffeine on clozapine pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 49:59–63. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2125.2000.00111.x
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Albitar O, Murugaiyah V, Ibrahim B et al (2022) Clozapine and norclozapine monitoring in plasma following surfactant assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. Sep Sci Plus 5:55–64. https://doi.org/10.1002/sscp.202100068
Hamzah S, Teh LK, Siew JSK et al (2014) Pharmacogenotyping of CYP3A5 in predicting dose-adjusted trough levels of tacrolimus among Malaysian kidney-transplant patients. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 92:50–57. https://doi.org/10.1139/CJPP-2013-0128
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Teh LK, Lee WL, Amir J et al (2007) Single step PCR for detection of allelic variation of MDR1 gene (P-glycoprotein) among three ethnic groups in Malaysia. J Clin Pharm Ther 32:313–319. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2710.2007.00822.X
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Beckonert O, Keun HC, Ebbels TMD et al (2007) Metabolic profiling, metabolomic and metabonomic procedures for NMR spectroscopy of urine, plasma, serum and tissue extracts. Nat Protoc 211(2):2692–2703. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2007.376
Amin AM, Sheau Chin L, Teh CH et al (2018) Pharmacometabolomics analysis of plasma to phenotype clopidogrel high on treatment platelets reactivity in coronary artery disease patients. Eur J Pharm Sci 117:351–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EJPS.2018.03.011
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Abd Aziz F, Ibrahim B, Murugaiyah V, Sarriff A (2021) Addressing the standardisation of internal standards and preservative used in human bio fluids for NMR analysis: a method optimization. Drug Metab Pers Ther 36:189–197. https://doi.org/10.1515/dmpt-2020-0154
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Mostafa H, Amin AM, Teh CH et al (2017) Plasma metabolic biomarkers for discriminating individuals with alcohol use disorders from social drinkers and alcohol-naive subjects. J Subst Abus Treat 77:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JSAT.2017.02.015
Barton RH, Waterman D, Bonner FW et al (2009) The influence of EDTA and citrateanticoagulant addition to human plasma on information recovery from NMR-based metabolic profiling studies. Mol BioSyst 6:215–224. https://doi.org/10.1039/B907021D
Dailly E, Urien S, Chanut E et al (2002) Evidence from a population pharmacokinetics analysis for a major effect of CYP1A2 activity on inter- and intraindividual variations of clozapine clearance. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 26:699–703. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-5846(01)00320-7
Doude van Troostwijk LJA, Koopmans RP, Vermeulen HD, Guchelaar H-J (2003) CYP1A2 activity is an important determinant of clozapine dosage in schizophrenic patients. Eur J Pharm Sci 20:451–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2003.09.010
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
van der Weide J, Steijns LSW, van Weelden MJ (2003) The effect of smoking and cytochrome P450 CYP1A2 genetic polymorphism on clozapine clearance and dose requirement. Pharmacogenetics 13:169–172. https://doi.org/10.1097/00008571-200303000-00006
Lee S-T, Ryu S, Kim S-R et al (2012) Association Study of 27 Annotated Genes for Clozapine Pharmacogenetics. J Clin Psychopharmacol 32:441–448. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0b013e31825ac35c
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kootstra-Ros JE, Smallegoor W, van der Weide J (2005) The cytochrome P450 CYP1A2 genetic polymorphisms *1F and *1D do not affect clozapine clearance in a group of schizophrenic patients. Ann Clin Biochem 42:216–219. https://doi.org/10.1258/0004563053857798
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ortega-Vázquez A, Mayen-Lobo YG, Dávila-Ortiz de Montellano DJ et al (2021) Alcohol intake potentiates clozapine adverse effects associated to CYP1A2*1C in patients with refractory psychosis. Drug Dev Res 82:685–694. https://doi.org/10.1002/DDR.21774
Lesche D, Mostafa S, Everall I et al (2019) Impact of CYP1A2, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6 genotype- and phenoconversion-predicted enzyme activity on clozapine exposure and symptom severity. Pharm J. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41397-019-0108-y
Olsson E, Edman G, Bertilsson L et al (2015) Genetic and clinical factors affecting plasma clozapine concentration. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 17. https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.14m01704
Comments (0)