Bedke J, Black PC, Szabados B, Guerrero-Ramos F, Shariat SF, Xylinas E et al (2023) Optimizing outcomes for high-risk, non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: the evolving role of PD-(L)1 Inhibition. Urologic Oncology: Seminars Original Investigations 41:461–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urolonc.2023.10.004

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Babjuk M, Burger M, Capoun O, Cohen D, Compérat EM, Dominguez Escrig JL et al (2022) European association of urology guidelines on Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (Ta, T1, and carcinoma in Situ). Eur Urol 81:75–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2021.08.010

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Holzbeierlein JM, Bixler BR, Buckley DI, Chang SS, Holmes R, James AC et al (2024) Diagnosis and treatment of Non-Muscle invasive bladder cancer: AUA/SUO guideline: 2024 amendment. J Urol 211:533–538. https://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003846

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gontero P (Chair), Birtle A, Compérat E, Dominguez Escrig JL, Liedberg F, Mariappan P, Masson-Lecomte A, Mostafid AH, van Rhijn BWG, Seisen T, Shariat SF, Xylinas EN, Patient Advocates: R. Wood et al (2024): n.d

Liu Y, Lu J, Huang Y, Ma L Clinical spectrum of complications induced by intravesical immunotherapy of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin for bladder cancer. J Oncol 2019;2019:6230409. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6230409

Steinberg RL, Thomas LJ, O’Donnell MA, Nepple KG Sequential intravesical gemcitabine and docetaxel for the salvage treatment of Non-Muscle invasive bladder cancer. Bladder Cancer N D;1:65–72. https://doi.org/10.3233/BLC-150008

Ben-David R, Tillu N, Alerasool P, Bieber C, Ranti D, Tolani S et al (2024) Induction and maintenance of sequential intravesical Gemcitabine/docetaxel for intermediate and high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer with different dosage protocols. World J Urol 42:315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-024-04992-5

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McElree IM, Orzel J, Stubbee R, Steinberg RL, Mott SL, O’Donnell MA et al (2023) Sequential intravesical gemcitabine and docetaxel for treatment-naïve and previously treated intermediate-risk nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. Urol Oncol 41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urolonc.2023.06.017.:485.e1-485.e7

Kolanukuduru KP, Ben-David R, Lidagoster S, Almoflihi M, Tillu N, Eraky A et al Comparative effectiveness of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin and sequential intravesical gemcitabine and docetaxel for Treatment-naïve Intermediate-risk Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur Urol Focus 2024:S2405-4569(24)00173-1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euf.2024.09.006

Musat MG, Kwon CS, Masters E, Sikirica S, Pijush DB, Forsythe A. Treatment Outcomes of High-Risk Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (HR-NMIBC) in Real-World Evidence(RWE) Studies: Systematic Literature Review (SLR). Clinicoecon Outcomes Res 2022;14:35–48.https://doi.org/10.2147/CEOR.S341896

Daniels MJ, Barry E, Milbar N, Schoenberg M, Bivalacqua TJ, Sankin A et al (2020) An evaluation of monthly maintenance therapy among patients receiving intravesical combination Gemcitabine/docetaxel for nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer. Urologic Oncology: Seminars Original Investigations 38:40e17. 40.e24

Article  Google Scholar 

Oddens J, Brausi M, Sylvester R, Bono A, van de Beek C, van Andel G et al (2013) Final results of an EORTC-GU cancers group randomized study of maintenance Bacillus Calmette-Guérin in Intermediate- and High-risk Ta, T1 papillary carcinoma of the urinary bladder: One-third dose versus full dose and 1 year versus 3 years of maintenance. Eur Urol 63:462–472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2012.10.039

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McElree IM, Steinberg RL, Martin AC, Richards J, Mott SL, Gellhaus PT et al (2022) Sequential intravesical gemcitabine and docetaxel for Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-Naïve High-Risk Nonmuscle-Invasive bladder cancer. J Urol. https://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000002740

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chakra MA, Luo Y, Duquesne I, O’Donnell MA (2024) Update on the mechanism of action of intravesical BCG therapy to treat Non-Muscle-Invasive bladder cancer. FBL 29:295. https://doi.org/10.31083/j.fbl2908295

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Porreca A, Di Nicola M, Lucarelli G, Dorin VM, Soria F, Terracciano D et al (2024) Time to progression is the main predictor of survival in patients with high-risk nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer: results from a machine learning-based analysis of a large multi-institutional database. Urologic Oncology: Seminars Original Investigations 42:69e17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urolonc.2024.01.001

Article  Google Scholar 

Bree KK, Shan Y, Hensley PJ, Lobo N, Hu C, Tyler DS et al (2022) Management, surveillance patterns, and costs associated with Low-Grade papillary stage Ta Non–Muscle-Invasive bladder cancer among older adults, 2004–2013. JAMA Netw Open 5:e223050. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.3050

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kamat AM, Lerner SP, O’Donnell M, Georgieva MV, Yang M, Inman BA et al (2020) Evidence-based assessment of current and emerging bladder-sparing therapies for Non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer after Bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. Eur Urol Oncol 3:318–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euo.2020.02.006

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Passarelli R, Packiam VT (2024) Contemporary treatment of NMIBC—Is it time to move on from BCG? J Clin Med 13:4112. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13144112

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Han MA, Maisch P, Jung JH, Hwang JE, Narayan V, Cleves A et al (2021) Intravesical gemcitabine for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009294.pub3

Article  Google Scholar 

Addeo R, Caraglia M, Bellini S, Abbruzzese A, Vincenzi B, Montella L et al (2010) Randomized phase III trial on gemcitabine versus mytomicin in recurrent superficial bladder cancer: evaluation of efficacy and tolerance. JCO 28:543–548. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2008.20.8199

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kates M, Chu X, Hahn N, Pietzak E, Smith A, Shevrin DH et al (2023) Background and update for ECOG-ACRIN EA8212: A randomized phase 3 trial of intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) versus intravesical docetaxel and gemcitabine treatment in BCG-naïve High-grade Non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (BRIDGE). Eur Urol Focus 9:561–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euf.2023.06.006

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Eraky A, Kolanukuduru KP, Hug B, Ben-David R, Attalla K, Waingankar N et al (2025) Differential response of low- and high-grade intermediate-risk nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer to bacillus Calmette-Guérin and gemcitabine-docetaxel therapy. Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urolonc.2025.03.009