Gates S, Nguyen I, Core MD, Nakonezny PA, Bradley H, Khazzam M (2020) Incidence and predictors of positive intraoperative cultures in primary shoulder arthroplasty following prior ipsilateral shoulder surgery. JSES Int 4:366–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseint.2019.12.011

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Matsen FA 3rd, Butler-Wu S, Carofino Bc, Jette JL, Bertelsen A, Bumgarner RE (2013) Origin of propionibacterium in surgical wounds and evidence-based approach for culturing propionibacterium from surgical sites. J Bone Joint Surg Am 95:e1811–1817. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.L.01733

Nelson GN, Davis DE, Namdari S (2016) Outcomes in the treatment of periprosthetic joint infection after shoulder arthroplasty: a systematic review. J Shoulder Elb Surg 25:1337–1345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2015.11.064

Article  Google Scholar 

Pottinger P, Butler-Wu S, Neradilek MB, Merritt A, Bertelsen A, Jette JL, Warme WJ, Matsen FA 3rd (2012) Prognostic factors for bacterial cultures positive for Propionibacterium acnes and other organisms in a large series of revision shoulder arthroplasties performed for stiffness, pain, or loosening. J Bone Joint Surg Am 94:2075–2083. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.K.00861

Schiffman CJ, Hsu JE, Khoo KJ, Whitson AJ, Yao JJ, Wu JC, Matsen FA 3 (2021) rd Association between serum testosterone levels and cutibacterium skin load in patients undergoing elective shoulder arthroplasty: a cohort study. JB JS Open Access 6:e.21.00030. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.OA.21.00030

Dodson CC, Craig EV, Cordasco FA, Dines DM, Dines JS, Dicarlo E, Brause BD, Warren RF (2010) Propionibacterium acnes infection after shoulder arthroplasty: a diagnostic challenge. J Shoulder Elb Surg 19:303–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2009.07.065

Article  Google Scholar 

Hsu JE, Bumgarner RE, Matsen FA 3rd (2016) Propionibacterium in shoulder arthroplasty: what we think we know today. J Bone Joint Surg Am 98:597–606. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.15.00568

Grice EA, Segre J (2011) The skin microbiome. Nat Rev Microbiol 9:244–253. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2537

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hudek R, Brobeil A, Bruggemann H, Sommer F, Gattenlohner S, Gohlke F (2021) Cutibacterium acnes is an intracellular and intra-articular commensal of the human shoulder joint. J Shoulder Elb Surg 30:16–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2020.04.020

Article  Google Scholar 

American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) Periprosthetic Joint Infection (PJI) Multicenter Group, Hsu JE, Bumgarner RE, Bourassa LA, Duquin TR, Garrigues GE, Green A, Iannotti JP, Khazzam M, Koh JL, Matsen FA 3rd, Namdari S, Nicholson TA, Richter SS, Sabesan VJ, Virk MS, Whitson AJ, Yian EH, Ricchetti ET (2022) What do positive and negative cutibacterium culture results in periprosthetic shoulder infection mean? A multi-institutional control study. J Shoulder Elb Surg 31:1713–1720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2022.01.127

Hsu JE, Yian EH, Budge MD, Duquin TR, Garrigues GE, Gilotra MN, Green A, Hasan SS, Iannotti JP, Khazzam M, King JJ, Koh JL, Namdari S, Nottage WM, Streit JJ, Virk MS, Whitson AJ, Ricchetti ET (2020) Variability of specimen handling, processing, culturing, and reporting for suspected shoulder periprosthetic joint infections during revision arthroplasty. Seminars Arthroplasty JSES 30:174–180 Seminars in. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.sart.2020.08.008

Article  Google Scholar 

Both A, Klatte TO, Lubke A, Buttner H, Hartel MJ, Grossterlinden LG, Rohde H (2018) Growth of Cutibacterium acnes is common on osteosynthesis material of the shoulder in patients without signs of infection. Acta Orthop 89:580–584. https://doi.org/10.1080/17453674.2018.1489095

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Butler-Wu SM, Burns EM, Pottinger PS, Magaret AS, Rakeman JL, Matsen FA 3rd, Cookson BT (2011) Optimization of periprosthetic culture for diagnosis of Propionibacterium acnes prosthetic joint infection. J Clin Microbiol 49:2490–2495. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00450-11

Patel MS, Singh AM, Gregori P, Horneff JG, Namdari S, Lazarus MD (2020) Cutibacterium acnes: a threat to shoulder surgery or an orthopedic red herring? J Shoulder Elb Surg 29:1920–1927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2020.02.020

Article  Google Scholar 

Garrigues GE, Zmistowski B, Cooper A, Green A, ICM Shoulder Group (2019) Proceedings from the 2018 International Consensus Meeting on Orthopedic Infections: the definition of periprosthetic shoulder infection. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 28:S8-S12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2019.04.034

Sharareh B, Yao JJ, Jurgensmeier K, Schiffman CJ, Whitson AJ, Matsen FA 3rd, Hsu JE (2023) Predictors of success following single-stage revision shoulder arthroplasty: results at a mean of five year follow-up in one hundred and twelve patients. Int Orthop 47:831–838. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-022-05653-1

Ahsan ZS, Somerson JS, Matsen FA 3rd (2017) Characterizing the Propionibacterium load in revision shoulder arthroplasty: a study of 137 culture-positive cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am 99:150–154. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.16.00422

Yao JJ, Jurgensmeier K, Whitson AJ, Pottinger PS, Matsen FA 3rd, Hsu JE (2022) Oral and IV antibiotic administration after single-stage revision shoulder arthroplasty: study of survivorship and patient-reported outcomes in patients without clear preoperative or intraoperative infection. J Bone Joint Surg Am 104. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.20.02263

Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalex N, Conde JG (2009) Research electronic data capture (REDCap) - a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inf 42:377–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2008.08.010

Article  Google Scholar 

Foster AL, Moriarty TF, Zalavras C, Morgenstern M, Jaiprakash A, Crawford R, Burch M-A, Boot W, Tetsworth K, Miclau T, Oschsner P, Schuetz MA, Richards RG, Metsemakers W-J (2021) The influence of biomechanical stability on bone healing and fracture-related infection: the legacy of Stephan Perren. Injury 52:43–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2020.06.044

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim K, Elbuluk A, Jia N, Osmani F, Levieddin J, Zuckerman J, Virk MS (2018) Revision shoulder arthroplasty: patient-reported outcomes vary according to the etiology of revision. J Orthop 15:922–926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jor.2018.08.030

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sajadi KR, Kwon YW, Zuckerman J (2010) Revision shoulder arthroplasty: an analysis of indications and outcomes. J Shoulder Elb Surg 19:308–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2009.05.016

Article  Google Scholar 

Ortmaier R, Resch H, Matis N, Blocher M, Auffarth A, Mayer M, Hitzl W, Tauber M (2013) Reverse shoulder arthroplasty in revision of failed shoulder arthroplasty-outcome and follow-up. Int Orthop 37:67–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-012-1742-z

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Falstie-Jensen T, Lange J, Daugaard H, Sorensen AKB, Ovesen J, Soballe K, ROSA Study Group (2021) Unexpected positive cultures after revision shoulder arthroplasty: does it affect outcome? J Shoulder Elb Surg 30:1299–1308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2020.12.014

Article  Google Scholar 

Kaveeshwar S, Duvall G, Jones DL, O’Hara NN, Klein A, Diedrich AM, Kolakowski L, Lai JK, Hasan SA, Henn RF 3rd, Gilotra MN (2020) Risk factors for increased shoulder Cutibacterium acnes burden. JSES Int 4:464–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseint.2020.04.020