Watson A, Wilkinson TMA. Respiratory viral infections in the elderly. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2021;15:1753466621995050. https://doi.org/10.1177/1753466621995050.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

United Nations. World Social Report 2023: Leaving no one behind in an ageing world. https://desapublications.un.org/publications/world-social-report-2023-leaving-no-one-behind-ageing-world. Accessed 20 Feb 2024.

World Health Organization. Influenza (seasonal) https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(seasonal). Accessed 20 Feb 2024.

Iuliano AD, Roguski KM, Chang HH, et al. Estimates of global seasonal influenza-associated respiratory mortality: a modelling study. Lancet. 2018;391(10127):1285–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(17)33293-2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mertz D, Kim TH, Johnstone J, et al. Populations at risk for severe or complicated influenza illness: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2013;347: f5061. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f5061.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Influenza (Flu) Flu Season. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/season/index.html#:~:text=In%20the%20United%20States%2C%20flu%20season%20usually%20occurs%20in%20the,peaks%20between%20December%20and%20February. Accessed 20 Feb 2024.

World Health Organization. Influenza Laboratory surveillance Information Virus Detections by Subtype Reported to FluNet. https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiZTkyODcyOTEtZjA5YS00ZmI0LWFkZGUtODIxNGI5OTE3YjM0IiwidCI6ImY2MTBjMGI3LWJkMjQtNGIzOS04MTBiLTNkYzI4MGFmYjU5MCIsImMiOjh9. Accessed 20 Feb 2024.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Types of Influenza Viruses. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/viruses/types.htm. Accessed 20 Feb 2024.

World Health Organization. Vaccines Against Influenza: WHO Position Paper—May 2022. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-wer9719. Accessed 20 Feb 2024.

Krammer F, Smith GJD, Fouchier RAM, et al. Influenza. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4(1):3. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-018-0002-y.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hansen CL, Chaves SS, Demont C, Viboud C. Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the US, 1999–2018. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(2): e220527. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.0527.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Matias G, Taylor R, Haguinet F, Schuck-Paim C, Lustig R, Shinde V. Estimates of hospitalization attributable to influenza and RSV in the US during 1997–2009, by age and risk status. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):271. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4177-z.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McElhaney JE, Verschoor CP, Andrew MK, Haynes L, Kuchel GA, Pawelec G. The immune response to influenza in older humans: beyond immune senescence. Immun Ageing. 2020;17:10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12979-020-00181-1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Paget J, Spreeuwenberg P, Charu V, et al. Global mortality associated with seasonal influenza epidemics: new burden estimates and predictors from the GLaMOR Project. J Glob Health. 2019;9(2): 020421. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.09.020421.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sumner KM, Masalovich S, O’Halloran A, et al. Severity of influenza-associated hospitalisations by influenza virus type and subtype in the USA, 2010–19: a repeated cross-sectional study. Lancet Microbe. 2023;4(11):e903–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00187-8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Russell CA, Fouchier RAM, Ghaswalla P, et al. Seasonal influenza vaccine performance and the potential benefits of mRNA vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2024;20(1):2336357. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2024.2336357.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. How Flu Viruses Can Change: “Drift” and “Shift”. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/viruses/change.htm. Accessed 20 Feb 2024.

Langer J, Welch VL, Moran MM, et al. High clinical burden of influenza disease in adults aged ≥ 65 years: can we do better? A systematic literature review. Adv Ther. 2023;40(4):1601–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-023-02432-1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Savic M, Penders Y, Shi T, Branche A, Pirçon JY. Respiratory syncytial virus disease burden in adults aged 60 years and older in high-income countries: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2023;17(1): e13031. https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.13031.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Branche AR, Saiman L, Walsh EE, et al. Incidence of respiratory syncytial virus infection among hospitalized adults, 2017–2020. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;74(6):1004–11. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab595.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li Y, Kulkarni D, Begier E, et al. Adjusting for case under-ascertainment in estimating RSV hospitalisation burden of older adults in high-income countries: a systematic review and modelling study. Infect Dis Ther. 2023;12(4):1137–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40121-023-00792-3.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McLaughlin JM, Khan F, Begier E, Swerdlow DL, Jodar L, Falsey AR. Rates of medically attended RSV among US adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022;9(7):ofac300. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofac300.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nuwer R. Better awareness of RSV in older adults is needed to fight a growing burden. Nature. 2023;621(7980):S58–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-02958-y.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li Y, Wang X, Blau DM, et al. Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in children younger than 5 years in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2022;399(10340):2047–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00478-0.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rozenbaum MH, Judy J, Tran D, Yacisin K, Kurosky SK, Begier E. Low levels of RSV testing among adults hospitalized for lower respiratory tract infection in the United States. Infect Dis Ther. 2023;12(2):677–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40121-023-00758-5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

National Foundation for Infectious Diseases. Progress Report: Reducing the Burden of RSV across the Lifespan. https://www.nfid.org/resource/progress-report-reducing-the-burden-of-rsv-across-the-lifespan/. Accessed 20 Feb 2024.

Hurley LP, Allison MA, Kim L, et al. Primary care physicians’ perspectives on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease in adults and a potential RSV vaccine for adults. Vaccine. 2019;37(4):565–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.12.031.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Obando-Pacheco P, Justicia-Grande AJ, Rivero-Calle I, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus seasonality: a global overview. J Infect Dis. 2018;217(9):1356–64. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiy056.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Janet S, Broad J, Snape MD. Respiratory syncytial virus seasonality and its implications on prevention strategies. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2018;14(1):234–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2017.1403707.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Paris F, Beck C, de Souza NL, et al. Evaluation of respiratory syncytial virus group A and B genotypes among nosocomial and community-acquired pediatric infections in Southern Brazil. Virol J. 2014;11:36. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422x-11-36.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pandya MC, Callahan SM, Savchenko KG, Stobart CC. A contemporary view of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) biology and strain-specific differences. Pathogens. 2019;8(2):67. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8020067.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sullender WM. Respiratory syncytial virus genetic and antigenic diversity. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2000;13(1):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.13.1.1. (Table of contents).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cascella M, Rajnik M, Aleem A, Dulebohn SC, Di Napoli R. Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus (COVID-19). StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing Copyright © 2024, StatPearls Publishing LLC.; 2024.

World Health Organization. WHO COVID-19 Dashboard: Cases. https://data.who.int/dashboards/covid19/cases. Accessed 20 Feb 2024.

World Health Organization. WHO COVID-19 Dashboard: Deaths. https://data.who.int/dashboards/covid19/deaths. Accessed 20 Feb 2024.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Underlying Medical Conditions Associated with Higher Risk for Severe COVID-19: Information for Healthcare Professionals. https://www.cdc.gov/covid/hcp/clinical-care/underlying-conditions.html. Accessed 20 Feb 2024.

Ahmad FB, Cisewski JA, Xu J, Anderson RN. COVID-19 Mortality Update—United States, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72(18):493–6. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7218a4.