Pardoll DM (2012) The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer 12:252–264. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc3239

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cho BC, Abreu DR, Hussein M, Cobo M, Patel AJ, Secen N et al (2022) Tiragolumab plus atezolizumab versus placebo plus atezolizumab as a first-line treatment for PD-L1-selected non-small-cell lung cancer (CITYSCAPE): primary and follow-up analyses of a randomised, double-blind, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol 23:781–792. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(22)00226-1

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Niu J, Maurice-Dror C, Lee DH, Kim DW, Nagrial A, Voskoboynik M et al (2022) First-in-human phase 1 study of the anti-TIGIT antibody vibostolimab as monotherapy or with pembrolizumab for advanced solid tumors, including non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 33:169–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2021.11.002

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Herbst RS, Majem M, Barlesi F, Carcereny E, Chu Q, Monnet I et al (2022) COAST: an open-label, phase II, multidrug platform study of durvalumab alone or in combination with oleclumab or monalizumab in patients with unresectable, stage III non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 40:3383–3393. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.22.00227

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mamdani H, Matosevic S, Khalid AB, Durm G, Jalal SI (2022) Immunotherapy in lung cancer: current landscape and future directions. Front Immunol 13:823618. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.823618

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Twomey JD, Zhang B (2021) Cancer immunotherapy update: FDA-approved checkpoint inhibitors and companion diagnostics. AAPS J 23:39. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12248-021-00574-0

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tawbi HA, Schadendorf D, Lipson EJ, Ascierto PA, Matamala L, Castillo Gutierrez E et al (2022) Relatlimab and nivolumab versus nivolumab in untreated advanced melanoma. N Engl J Med 386:24–34. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2109970

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Spagnolo CC, Giuffrida G, Cannavo S, Franchina T, Silvestris N, Ruggeri RM et al (2022) Management of endocrine and metabolic toxicities of immune-checkpoint inhibitors: from clinical studies to a real-life scenario. Cancers 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15010246

Ruggeri RM, Spagnolo CC, Alibrandi A, Silvestris N, Cannavo S, Santarpia M (2023) Predictors of thyroid adverse events during cancer immunotherapy: a real-life experience at a single center. J Endocrinol Invest 46:2399–2409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-023-02096-2

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chang LS, Barroso-Sousa R, Tolaney SM, Hodi FS, Kaiser UB, Min L (2019) Endocrine toxicity of cancer immunotherapy targeting immune checkpoints. Endocr Rev 40:17–65. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2018-00006

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Muir CA, Clifton-Bligh RJ, Long GV, Scolyer RA, Lo SN, Carlino MS et al (2021) Thyroid immune-related adverse events following immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 106:e3704–e3713. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgab263

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Muir CA, Tsang VHM, Menzies AM, Clifton-Bligh RJ (2022) Immune related adverse events of the thyroid - a narrative review. Front Endocrinol 13:886930. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.886930

Article  Google Scholar 

Lucas MW, Helderman NC, van de Velde AO et al (2023) Incidence and characteristics of immunotherapy related adrenal insufficiency in a monocenter, pancancer cohort of 4314 patients. Ann Oncol 34:S689. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.seminoncol.2023.11.003

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Shi Y, Shen M, Zheng X, Yang T (2021) Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced adrenalitis and primary adrenal insufficiency: systematic review and optimal management. Endocr Pract 27:165–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eprac.2020.09.016

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shi Y, Shen M, Zheng X, Chen Y, Zhao R, Gu Y et al (2020) ICPis-induced autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2: a review of the literature and a protocol for optimal management. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 105. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa553

Zhao Z, Wang X, Bao XQ, Ning J, Shang M, Zhang D (2021) Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review. Cancer Immunol Immunother 70:1527–1540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-020-02699-1

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gershenwald JE, Scolyer RA, Hess KR, Sondak VK, Long GV, Ross M et al (2017) Melanoma staging: evidence-based changes in the American Joint Committee on Cancer eighth edition cancer staging manual. CA Cancer J Clin 67:472–492. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21409

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Barroso-Sousa R, Barry WT, Garrido-Castro AC, Hodi FS, Min L, Krop IE et al (2018) Incidence of endocrine dysfunction following the use of different immune checkpoint inhibitor regimens: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol 4:173–182. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.3064

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ruggeri RM, Campenni A, Giuffrida G, Trimboli P, Giovanella L, Trimarchi F et al (2019) Endocrine and metabolic adverse effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors: an overview (what endocrinologists should know). J Endocrinol Invest 42:745–756. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-018-0984-z

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rubino R, Marini A, Roviello G, Presotto EM, Desideri I, Ciardetti I et al (2021) Endocrine-related adverse events in a large series of cancer patients treated with anti-PD1 therapy. Endocrine 74:172–179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-021-02750-w

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Presotto EM, Rastrelli G, Desideri I, Scotti V, Gunnella S, Pimpinelli N et al (2020) Endocrine toxicity in cancer patients treated with nivolumab or pembrolizumab: results of a large multicentre study. J Endocrinol Invest 43:337–345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-019-01112-8

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brahmer JR, Abu-Sbeih H, Ascierto PA, Brufsky J, Cappelli LC, Cortazar FB et al (2021) Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) clinical practice guideline on immune checkpoint inhibitor-related adverse events. J Immunother Cancer 9. https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2021-002435

Cardona Z, Sosman JA, Chandra S, Huang W (2023) Endocrine side effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Front Endocrinol 14:1157805. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1157805

Article  Google Scholar 

Ma C, Hodi FS, Giobbie-Hurder A, Wang X, Zhou J, Zhang A et al (2019) The impact of high-dose glucocorticoids on the outcome of immune-checkpoint inhibitor-related thyroid disorders. Cancer Immunol Res 7:1214–1220. https://doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-18-0613

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li J, Yang K, Zhao L, Bai C, Sun Z Impact of corticosteroids use on efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients: a meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol 38(15_suppl). https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2020.38.15_suppl.e15234

Petrelli F, Signorelli D, Ghidini M, Ghidini A, Pizzutilo EG, Ruggieri L et al (2020) Association of steroids use with survival in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancers 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12030546

Bruera S, Suarez-Almazor ME (2022) The effects of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants on cancer outcomes in checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Front Oncol 12:928390. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.928390

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Helderman NC, Lucas MW, Blank CU (2023) Autoantibodies involved in primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency following treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Immunooncol Technol 17:100374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotech.2023.100374

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Haissaguerre M, Hescot S, Bertherat J, Chabre O (2018) Expert opinions on adrenal complications in immunotherapy. Ann Endocrinol 79:539–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ando.2018.07.002

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lanzolla G, Coppelli A, Cosottini M, Del Prato S, Marcocci C, Lupi I (2019) Immune checkpoint blockade anti-PD-L1 as a trigger for autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome. J Endocr Soc 3:496–503. https://doi.org/10.1210/js.2018-00366

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Paepegaey AC, Lheure C, Ratour C, Lethielleux G, Clerc J, Bertherat J et al (2017) Polyendocrinopathy resulting from pembrolizumab in a patient with a malignant melanoma. J Endocr Soc 1:646–649. https://doi.org/10.1210/js.2017-00170

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar