GBD 2017 Risk Factor Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet (Lond Engl). 2018;392:1923–94.

Virani SS, Alonso A, Benjamin EJ, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, Carson AP, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2020 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020;141:e139–596.

Rapsomaniki E, Timmis A, George J, Pujades-Rodriguez M, Shah AD, Denaxas S, et al. Blood pressure and incidence of twelve cardiovascular diseases: lifetime risks, healthy life-years lost, and age-specific associations in 1·25 million people. Lancet. 2014;383:1899–911.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wu CY, Hu HY, Chou YJ, Huang N, Chou YC, Li CP. High blood pressure and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortalities in community-dwelling older adults. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94:e2160.

Aune D, Huang W, Nie J, Wang Y. Hypertension and the risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality: an outcome-wide association study of 67 causes of death in the National Health Interview Survey. BioMed Res Int. 2021;2021:9376134.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ostchega Y, Fryar CD, Nwankwo T, Nguyen DT. Hypertension prevalence among adults aged 18 and over: United States, 2017–2018. NCHS Data Br. 2020;1–8.

Mills KT, Stefanescu A, He J. The global epidemiology of hypertension. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020;16:223–37.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE, Collins KJ, Dennison Himmelfarb C, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines. Hypertension. 2018;71:e13–115.

Chobufo MD, Gayam V, Soluny J, Rahman EU, Enoru S, Foryoung JB, et al. Prevalence and control rates of hypertension in the USA: 2017–2018. Int J Cardiol Hypertens. 2020;6:100044.

Kirkland EB, Heincelman M, Bishu KG, Schumann SO, Schreiner A, Axon RN, et al. Trends in healthcare expenditures among US adults with hypertension: national estimates, 2003–2014. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7:e008731.

Unger T, Borghi C, Charchar F, Khan NA, Poulter NR, Prabhakaran D, et al. 2020 International society of hypertension global hypertension practice guidelines. Hypertension. 2020;75:1334–57.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, Agabiti Rosei E, Azizi M, Burnier M, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018;39:3021–104.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Vadiveloo M, Hu FB, Kris-Etherton PM, Rebholz CM, et al. 2021 dietary guidance to improve cardiovascular health: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021;144:e472–87.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bodai BI, Nakata TE, Wong WT, Clark DR, Lawenda S, Tsou C, et al. Lifestyle medicine: a brief review of its dramatic impact on health and survival. Perm J. 2018;22:17–025.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Crowley J, Ball L, Hiddink GJ. Nutrition in medical education: a systematic review. Lancet Planet Health. 2019;3:e379–89.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aggarwal M, Devries S, Freeman AM, Ostfeld R, Gaggin H, Taub P, et al. The deficit of nutrition education of physicians. Am J Med. 2018;131:339–45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hiddink GJ, Hautvast JG, van Woerkum CM, Fieren CJ, van’t Hof MA. Consumers’ expectations about nutrition guidance: the importance of primary care physicians. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65:1974S–9S.

•• Joshi S, Ettinger L, Liebman SE. Plant-based diets and hypertension. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2020;14:397–405. This review article outlines the evidence for plant-based diets in treating hypertension and highlights the mechanisms by which they work.

Reddy KR. Cardiovascular disease and lifestyle medicine. J Fam Pract. 2022;71:S48–55.

• Gardner CD, Vadiveloo MK, Petersen KS, Anderson CAM, Springfield S, Van Horn L, et al. Popular dietary patterns: alignment with American Heart Association 2021 dietary guidance: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023;147:1715–30. Created a tier system that highlights alignment of dietary patterns with AHA dietary guidelines, including facilitators and challenges to following them.

Tomé-Carneiro J, Visioli F. Plant-based diets reduce blood pressure: a systematic review of recent evidence. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2023;25:127–50.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gibbs J, Gaskin E, Ji C, Miller MA, Cappuccio FP. The effect of plant-based dietary patterns on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled intervention trials. J Hypertens. 2021;39:23–37.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hauser ME, McMacken M, Lim A, Shetty P. Nutrition-an evidence-based, practical approach to chronic disease prevention and treatment. J Fam Pract. 2022;71:S5-16.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP, Sacks FM, et al. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:1117–24.

Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, Buroker AB, Goldberger ZD, Hahn EJ, et al. 2019 ACC/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2019;140:e596–646.

Svetkey LP, Sacks FM, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Lin PH, et al. The DASH diet, sodium intake and blood pressure trial (DASH-sodium): rationale and design. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99:S96–104.

Karanja NM, Obarzanek E, Lin PH, McCullough ML, Phillips KM, Swain JF, et al. Descriptive characteristics of the dietary patterns used in the dietary approaches to stop hypertension trial. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99:S19–27.

Theodoridis X, Chourdakis M, Chrysoula L, Chroni V, Tirodimos I, Dipla K, et al. Adherence to the DASH diet and risk of hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2023;15:3261.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Filippou CD, Tsioufis CP, Thomopoulos CG, Mihas CC, Dimitriadis KS, Sotiropoulou LI, et al. Dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet and blood pressure reduction in adults with and without hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Adv Nutr. 2020;11:1150–60.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Juraschek SP, Miller ER, Weaver CM, Appel LJ. Effects of sodium reduction and the DASH diet in relation to baseline blood pressure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70:2841–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Keys A, Menotti A, Karvonen MJ, Aravanis C, Blackburn H, Buzina R, et al. The diet and 15-year death rate in the seven countries study. Am J Epidemiol. 1986;124:903–15.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Davis C, Bryan J, Hodgson J, Murphy K. Definition of the Mediterranean diet: a literature review. Nutrients. 2015;7:9139–53.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Filippou CD, Thomopoulos CG, Kouremeti MM, Sotiropoulou LI, Nihoyannopoulos PI, Tousoulis DM, et al. Mediterranean diet and blood pressure reduction in adults with and without hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr. 2021;40:3191–200.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nissensohn M, Román-Viñas B, Sánchez-Villegas A, Piscopo S, Serra-Majem L. The effect of the Mediterranean diet on hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2016;48:42–53.e1.

Trichopoulou A, Bamia C, Trichopoulos D. Anatomy of health effects of Mediterranean diet: Greek EPIC prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2009;338:b2337.

Griswold MG, Fullman N, Hawley C, Arian N, Zimsen SRM, Tymeson HD, et al. Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2018;392:1015–35.

Article  Google Scholar 

Appleby PN, Davey GK, Key TJ. Hypertension and blood pressure among meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians and vegans in EPIC-Oxford. Public Health Nutr. 2002;5:645–54.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pettersen BJ, Anousheh R, Fan J, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Fraser GE. Vegetarian diets and blood pressure among white subjects: results from the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2). Public Health Nutr. 2012;15:1909–16.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fraser G, Katuli S, Anousheh R, Knutsen S, Herring P, Fan J. Vegetarian diets and cardiovascular risk factors in black members of the Adventist Health Study-2. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18:537–45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yokoyama Y, Nishimura K, Barnard ND, Takegami M, Watanabe M, Sekikawa A, et al. Vegetarian diets and blood pressure: a meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174:577–87.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lopez PD, Cativo EH, Atlas SA, Rosendorff C. The effect of vegan diets on blood pressure in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med. 2019;132:875–83.e7.

Aljuraiban G, Chan Q, Gibson R, Stamler J, Daviglus ML, Dyer AR, et al. Association between plant-based diets and blood pressure in the INTERMAP study. BMJ Nutr Prev Health. 2020;3:133–42.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ostfeld RJ. Definition of a plant-based diet and overview of this special issue. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2017;14:315.

Elsahoryi NA, Neville CE, Patterson CC, Linden GJ, Moitry M, Biasch K, et al. Association between overall fruit and vegetable intake, and fruit and vegetable sub-types and blood pressure: the PRIME study (prospective epidemiological study of myocardial infarction). Br J Nutr. 2021;125:557–67.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hartley M, Fyfe CL, Wareham NJ, Khaw K-T, Johnstone AM, Myint PK. Association between legume consumption and risk of hypertension in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC)-Norfolk cohort. Nutrients. 2022;14:3363.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kirwan JP, Malin SK, Scelsi AR, Kullman EL, Navaneethan SD, Pagadala MR, et al. A whole-grain diet reduces cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese adults: a randomized controlled trial 123. J Nutr. 2016;146:2244–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bae YJ, Kim MH, Choi MK. Dietary mineral intake from nuts and its relationship to hypertension among Korean adults. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2022;200:3519–28.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Petersen KS, Davis KM, Rogers CJ, Proctor DN, West SG, Kris-Etherton PM. Herbs and spices at a relatively high culinary dosage improves 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure in adults at risk of cardiometabolic diseases: a randomized, crossover, controlled-feeding study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021;114:1936–48.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Linderman GC, Lu J, Lu Y, Sun X, Xu W, Nasir K, et al. Association of Body Mass Index With Blood Pressure Among 1.7 Million Chinese Adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1:e181271.

Aucott L, Poobalan A, Smith WCS, Avenell A, Jung R, Broom J. Effects of weight loss in overweight/obese individuals and long-term hypertension outcomes. Hypertension. 2005;45:1035–41.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wright N, Wilson L, Smith M, Duncan B, McHugh P. The BROAD study: a randomised controlled trial using a whole food plant-based diet in the community for obesity, ischaemic heart disease or diabetes. Nutr Diabetes. 2017;7:e256–e256.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Grillo A, Salvi L, Coruzzi P, Salvi P, Parati G. Sodium intake and hypertension. Nutrients. 2019;11:1970.

Article  CAS