American Academy of child and adolescent psychiatry. anxiety disorders: parents´ medication guide. 2020. https://www.aacap.org/App_Themes/AACAP/docs/resource_centers/resources/med_guides/anxiety-parents-medication-guide.pdf. Accessed 20 Nov 2022.

Amill-Rosario A, Lee H, Zhang C, dosReis S. Psychotropic prescriptions during the COVID-19 pandemic among us children and adolescents receiving mental health services. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2022;32(7):408–14. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2022.0037.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bliddal M, Rasmussen L, Andersen JH, Jensen PB, Pottegård A, Munk-Olsen T, Kildegaard H, Wesselhoeft R. Psychotropic medication use and psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic among Danish children, adolescents, and young adults. JAMA Psychiat. 2023;80(2):176–80. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.4165.

Article  Google Scholar 

Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, Rubin GJ. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: a rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020;395(10227):912–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bruns N, Willemsen L, Stang A, Kowall B, Holtkamp K, Kamp O, Dudda M, Hey F, Hoffmann F, Blankenburg J, Eifinger F, Fuchs H, Haase R, Baier J, Andrée C, Heldmann M, Maldera V, Potratz J, Kurz D, Mand N, Doerfel C, Rothoeft T, Schultz M, Ohlert M, Silkenbäumer K, Boesing T, Indraswari F, Niemann F, Jahn P, Merker M, Braun N, Nunez FB, Engler M, Heimann K, Brasche M, Wolf G, Freymann H, Dercks M, Hoppenz M, Felderhoff-Müser U, Dohna-Schwake C. Pediatric ICU admissions after adolescent suicide attempts during the pandemic. Pediatrics. 2022;150(2): e2021055973. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-055973.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cipriani A, Zhou X, Del Giovane C, Hetrick SE, Qin B, Whittington C, Coghill D, Zhang Y, Hazell P, Leucht S, Cuijpers P, Pu J, Cohen D, Ravindran AV, Liu Y, Michael KD, Yang L, Liu L, Xie P. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants for major depressive disorder in children and adolescents: a network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2016;388(10047):881–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30385-3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

COVID-19 Mental Disorders Collaborators. Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2020;398(10312):1700–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02143-7.

Article  Google Scholar 

Dachverband der Sozialversicherungsträger. Die österreichische Sozialversicherung in Zahlen, 49th edition. 2022A. https://www.sozialversicherung.at/cdscontent/load?contentid=10008.771008&version=1664356080. Accessed 25 Jan 2023.

Dachverband der Sozialversicherungsträger. Factsheet: Rezeptgebührenbefreiungnach Erreichen Ihrer persönlichen Obergrenze. 2022B. https://www.sozialversicherung.at/cdscontent/load?contentid=10008.764116&version=1644826900. Accessed 25 Jan 2023.

Dale R, Jesser A, Pieh C, O’Rourke T, Probst T, Humer E. Mental health burden of high school students, and suggestions for psychosocial support, 15 years into the COVID-19 pandemic in Austria. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-022-02032-4.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dale R, O’Rourke T, Humer E, Jesser A, Plener PL, Pieh C. Mental health of apprentices during the COVID-19 pandemic in Austria and the effect of gender, migration background, and work situation. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(17):8933. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18178933.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie (DGKJP) Behandlung von depressiven Störungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. 2013. https://register.awmf.org/assets/guidelines/028-043l_S3_Depressive_St%C3%B6rungen_bei_Kindern_Jugendlichen_2013-07-abgelaufen.pdf. Accessed 20th Nov 2022.

Devoe D, Han A, Anderson A, Katzman DK, Patten SB, Soumbasis A, Flanagan J, Paslakis G, Vyver E, Marcoux G, Dimitropoulos G. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on eating disorders: a systematic review. Int J Eat Disord. 2023;56(1):5–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23704.

Article  Google Scholar 

Dwyer JB, Stringaris A, Brent DA, Bloch MH. Annual research review: defining and treating pediatric treatment-resistant depression. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2020;61(3):312–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13202.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fegert JM, Vitiello B, Plener PL, Clemens V. Challenges and burden of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for child and adolescent mental health: a narrative review to highlight clinical and research needs in the acute phase and the long return to normality. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2020;14:20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-020-00329-3.PMID:32419840;PMCID:PMC7216870.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fond G, Boyer L. Lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in schizophrenia: a review. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2023;36(3):179–83. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000855.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fornaro M, Mondin AM, Billeci M, Fusco A, De Prisco M, Caiazza C, Micanti F, Calati R, Carvalho AF, de Bartolomeis A. Psychopharmacology of eating disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Affect Disord. 2023;1(338):526–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.06.068.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Grolemund G, Wickham H. Dates and times made easy with lubridate. J Stat Softw. 2011;40(3):1–25. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v040.i03.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hyndman RJ, Khandakar Y. Automatic time series forecasting: the forecast package for R. J Stat Softw. 2008;27(1):1–22.

Google Scholar 

Hyndman RJ, Athanasopoulos G. Forecasting: principles and practice, 3rd edition, OTexts: Melbourne, Australia. 2021. https://OTexts.com/fpp3. Accessed 31 Oct 2022.

Jones SE, Ethier KA, Hertz M, DeGue S, Le VD, Thornton J, Lim C, Dittus PJ, Geda S. Mental health, suicidality, and connectedness among high school students during the COVID-19 pandemic - adolescent behaviors and experiences survey, United States, January-June 2021. MMWR Suppl. 2022;71(3):16–21. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.su7103a3.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Krone. Antidepressiva bei Kindern weitgehend wirkungslos. 2016. https://www.krone.at/514231. Accessed 20 Nov 2022.

Madigan S, Korczak DJ, Vaillancourt T, Racine N, Hopkins WG, Pador P, Hewitt JMA, AlMousawi B, McDonald S, Neville RD. Comparison of paediatric emergency department visits for attempted suicide, self-harm, and suicidal ideation before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2023;10(5):342–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(23)00036-6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Madigan S, Racine N, Vaillancourt T, Korczak DJ, Hewitt JMA, Pador P, Park JL, McArthur BA, Holy C, Neville RD. Changes in depression and anxiety among children and adolescents from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2023;177(6):567–81. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.0846.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Depression in children andyoung people: identification and management. 2019. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng134/resources/depression-in-children-and-young-people-identification-and-management-pdf-66141719350981. Accessed 20 Nov 2022.

O’Donoghue B, Collett H, Boyd S, Zhou Y, Castagnini E, Brown E, Street R, Nelson B, Thompson A, McGorry P. The incidence and admission rate for first-episode psychosis in young people before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Melbourne. Australia Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2022;56(7):811–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674211053578.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O'Hara-Wild M, Hyndman R, Wang E. _fable: Forecasting Models for Tidy Time Series_. R package version 0.3.1. 2021A. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=fable.

Pieh C, Plener PL, Probst T, Dale R, Humer E. Assessment of mental health of high school students during social distancing and remote schooling during the COVID-19 pandemic in Austria. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(6): e2114866. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.14866.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pirkis J, Gunnell D, Shin S, Del Pozo-Banos M, Arya V, Aguilar PA, Appleby L, Arafat SMY, Arensman E, Ayuso-Mateos JL, Balhara YPS, Bantjes J, Baran A, Behera C, Bertolote J, Borges G, Bray M, Brečić P, Caine E, Calati R, Carli V, Castelpietra G, Chan LF, Chang SS, Colchester D, Coss-Guzmán M, Crompton D, Ćurković M, Dandona R, De Jaegere E, De Leo D, Deisenhammer EA, Dwyer J, Erlangsen A, Faust JS, Fornaro M, Fortune S, Garrett A, Gentile G, Gerstner R, Gilissen R, Gould M, Gupta SK, Hawton K, Holz F, Kamenshchikov I, Kapur N, Kasal A, Khan M, Kirtley OJ, Knipe D, Kõlves K, Kölzer SC, Krivda H, Leske S, Madeddu F, Marshall A, Memon A, Mittendorfer-Rutz E, Nestadt P, Neznanov N, Niederkrotenthaler T, Nielsen E, Nordentoft M, Oberlerchner H, O’Connor RC, Papsdorf R, Partonen T, Phillips MR, Platt S, Portzky G, Psota G, Qin P, Radeloff D, Reif A, Reif-Leonhard C, Rezaeian M, Román-Vázquez N, Roskar S, Rozanov V, Sara G, Scavacini K, Schneider B, Semenova N, Sinyor M, Tambuzzi S, Townsend E, Ueda M, Wasserman D, Webb RT, Winkler P, Yip PSF, Zalsman G, Zoja R, John A, Spittal MJ. Suicide numbers during the first 9–15 months of the COVID-19 pandemic compared with pre-existing trends: an interrupted time series analysis in 33 countries. EClinicalMedicine. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101573.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pirkis J, John A, Shin S, DelPozo-Banos M, Arya V, Analuisa-Aguilar P, Appleby L, Arensman E, Bantjes J, Baran A, Bertolote JM, Borges G, Brečić P, Caine E, Castelpietra G, Chang SS, Colchester D, Crompton D, Curkovic M, Deisenhammer EA, Du C, Dwyer J, Erlangsen A, Faust JS, Fortune S, Garrett A, George D, Gerstner R, Gilissen R, Gould M, Hawton K, Kanter J, Kapur N, Khan M, Kirtley OJ, Knipe D, Kolves K, Leske S, Marahatta K, Mittendorfer-Rutz E, Neznanov N, Niederkrotenthaler T, Nielsen E, Nordentoft M, Oberlerchner H, O’Connor RC, Pearson M, Phillips MR, Platt S, Plener PL, Psota G, Qin P, Radeloff D, Rados C, Reif A, Reif-Leonhard C, Rozanov V, Schlang C, Schneider B, Semenova N, Sinyor M, Townsend E, Ueda M, Vijayakumar L, Webb RT, Weerasinghe M, Zalsman G, Gunnell D, Spittal MJ. Suicide trends in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic: an interrupted time-series analysis of preliminary data from 21 countries. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021;8(7):579–88 (Erratum in: Lancet Psychiatry).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2022.

Google Scholar 

Rachamin Y, Jäger L, Meier R, Grischott T, Senn O, Burgstaller JM, Markun S. Prescription rates, polypharmacy and prescriber variability in swiss general practice-a cross-sectional database study. Front Pharmacol. 2022;14(13): 832994. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.832994.

Article  Google Scholar 

Racine N, McArthur BA, Cooke JE, Eirich R, Zhu J, Madigan S. Global prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents during COVID-19: a meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2021;175(11):1142–50. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2482.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Russo M, Calisi D, De Rosa MA, Evangelista G, Consoli S, Dono F, Santilli M, Gambi F, Onofrj M, Di Giannantonio M, Parruti G, Sensi SL. COVID-19 and first manic episodes: a systematic review. Psychiatry Res. 2022;314:114677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114677.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schaffer AL, Dobbins TA, Pearson S-A. Interrupted time series analysis using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models: a guide for evaluating large-scale health interventions. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2021;21:58. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-021-01235-8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Spiegel. Antidepressiva bei Jugendlichen weitgehend wirkungslos. 2016. https://www.spiegel.de/gesundheit/diagnose/antidepressiva-bei-jugendlichen-weitgehend-wirkungslos-a-1096626.html. Accessed November 20th 2022.

Taylor RW, Marwood L, Oprea E, DeAngel V, Mather S, Valentini B, Zahn R, Young AH, Cleare AJ. Pharmacological augmentation in unipolar depression: a guide to the guidelines. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2020;23(9):587–625.