Ely EW, Inouye SK, Bernard GR, Gordon S, Francis J, May L, et al. Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: validity and reliability of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU). JAMA. 2001;286(21):2703–10.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ely EW, Shintani A, Truman B, Speroff T, Gordon SM, Harrell FE Jr, et al. Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit. JAMA. 2004;291(14):1753–62.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Devlin JW, Skrobik Y, Gélinas C, Needham DM, Slooter AJC, Pandharipande PP, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of pain, agitation/sedation, delirium, immobility, and sleep disruption in adult patients in the ICU. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(9):e825–73.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zaal IJ, Devlin JW, Peelen LM, Slooter AJ. A systematic review of risk factors for delirium in the ICU. Crit Care Med. 2015;43(1):40–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Krewulak KD, Stelfox HT, Ely EW, Fiest KM. Risk factors and outcomes among delirium subtypes in adult ICUs: a systematic review. J Crit Care. 2020;56:257–64.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lat I, McMillian W, Taylor S, Janzen JM, Papadopoulos S, Korth L, et al. The impact of delirium on clinical outcomes in mechanically ventilated surgical and trauma patients. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(6):1898–905.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Milbrandt EB, Deppen S, Harrison PL, Shintani AK, Speroff T, Stiles RA, et al. Costs associated with delirium in mechanically ventilated patients. Crit Care Med. 2004;32(4):955–62.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Salluh JI, Wang H, Schneider EB, Nagaraja N, Yenokyan G, Damluji A, et al. Outcome of delirium in critically ill patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2015;350: h2538.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Estrup S, Kjer CKW, Vilhelmsen F, Poulsen LM, Gøgenur I, Mathiesen O. Cognitive function 3 and 12 months after ICU discharge-a prospective cohort study. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(12):e1121–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Girard TD, Jackson JC, Pandharipande PP, Pun BT, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, et al. Delirium as a predictor of long-term cognitive impairment in survivors of critical illness. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(7):1513–20.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pandharipande PP, Girard TD, Jackson JC, Morandi A, Thompson JL, Pun BT, et al. Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(14):1306–16.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brummel NE, Jackson JC, Pandharipande PP, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Dittus RS, et al. Delirium in the ICU and subsequent long-term disability among survivors of mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med. 2014;42(2):369–77.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wolters AE, van Dijk D, Pasma W, Cremer OL, Looije MF, de Lange DW, et al. Long-term outcome of delirium during intensive care unit stay in survivors of critical illness: a prospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2014;18(3):R125.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shankar-Hari M, Wunsch H, Rowan K, Singer M, Rubenfeld GD, Angus DC. Reflections on critical care’s past, present, and future. Crit Care Med. 2021;49(11):1855–65.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Davidson JE, Harvey MA, Bemis-Dougherty A, Smith JM, Hopkins RO. Implementation of the pain, agitation, and delirium clinical practice guidelines and promoting patient mobility to prevent post-intensive care syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2013;41(9 Suppl 1):S136–45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mehlhorn J, Freytag A, Schmidt K, Brunkhorst FM, Graf J, Troitzsch U, et al. Rehabilitation interventions for postintensive care syndrome: a systematic review. Crit Care Med. 2014;42(5):1263–71.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Herling SF, Greve IE, Vasilevskis EE, Egerod I, Bekker Mortensen C, Møller AM, et al. Interventions for preventing intensive care unit delirium in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;11(11):009783.

Google Scholar 

Van Der Schaaf M, Bakhshi-Raiez F, Van Der Steen M, Dongelmans DA, De Keizer NF. Recommendations for intensive care follow-up clinics; report from a survey and conference of Dutch intensive cares. Minerva Anestesiol. 2015;81(2):135–44.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baron R, Binder A, Biniek R, Braune S, Buerkle H, Dall P, et al. Evidence and consensus based guideline for the management of delirium, analgesia, and sedation in intensive care medicine Revision 2015 (DAS-Guideline 2015) short version. Ger Med Sci. 2015;13:19.

Google Scholar 

Barr J, Fraser GL, Puntillo K, Ely EW, Gélinas C, Dasta JF, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2013;41(1):263–306.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Trogrlić Z, van der Jagt M, Bakker J, Balas MC, Ely EW, van der Voort PH, et al. A systematic review of implementation strategies for assessment, prevention, and management of ICU delirium and their effect on clinical outcomes. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):157.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bernat Adell MD, Galarza Barrachina L, Bisbal Andrés E, Cebrián Graullera G, Pagés Aznar G, Morán Marmaneu M, et al. Factors affecting sleep quality in intensive care units. Med Intensiva (Engl Ed). 2021;45(8):470–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moreno RP, Metnitz PG, Almeida E, Jordan B, Bauer P, Campos RA, et al. 2005. SAPS 3 From evaluation of the patient to evaluation of the intensive care unit. Part 2 Development of a prognostic model for hospital mortality at ICU admission. Intensive Care Med. 31(10): 1345–55

Ely EW, Truman B, Shintani A, Thomason JW, Wheeler AP, Gordon S, et al. Monitoring sedation status over time in ICU patients: reliability and validity of the richmond agitation-sedation scale (RASS). JAMA. 2003;289(22):2983–91.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chanques G, Ely EW, Garnier O, Perrigault F, Eloi A, Carr J, et al. The 2014 updated version of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit compared to the 5th version of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders and other current methods used by intensivists. Ann Intensive Care. 2018;8(1):33.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Smith HA, Boyd J, Fuchs DC, Melvin K, Berry P, Shintani A, et al. Diagnosing delirium in critically ill children: validity and reliability of the pediatric confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(1):150–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Smith HA, Gangopadhyay M, Goben CM, Jacobowski NL, Chestnut MH, Savage S, et al. The preschool confusion assessment method for the ICU: valid and reliable delirium monitoring for critically ill infants and children. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(3):592–600.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mahoney FI, Barthel DW. Functional evaluation: the barthel index. Md State Med J. 1965;14:61–5.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Muscedere J, Waters B, Varambally A, Bagshaw SM, Boyd JG, Maslove D, et al. The impact of frailty on intensive care unit outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43(8):1105–22.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pugh RJ, Ellison A, Pye K, Subbe CP, Thorpe CM, Lone NI, et al. Feasibility and reliability of frailty assessment in the critically ill: a systematic review. Crit Care. 2018;22(1):49.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pulok MH, Theou O, van der Valk AM, Rockwood K. The role of illness acuity on the association between frailty and mortality in emergency department patients referred to internal medicine. Age Ageing. 2020;49(6):1071–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rockwood K, Song X, MacKnight C, Bergman H, Hogan DB, McDowell I, et al. A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people. CMAJ. 2005;173(5):489–95.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rockwood K, Theou O. Using the clinical frailty scale in allocating scarce health care resources. Can Geriatr J. 2020;23(3):210–5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alonso J, Prieto L, Antó JM. The Spanish version of the SF-36 health survey (the SF-36 health questionnaire): an instrument for measuring clinical results. Med Clin (Barc). 1995;104(20):771–6.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ware JE Jr, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36) I Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care. 1992;30(6):473–83.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pardo A, Ruiz M, San Martin R. Análisis de datos en ciencias sociales y de la salud. Síntesis, editor. Madrid2009.

Furr R. Interpreting effect sizes in contrast analysis. Underst Stat. 2004;3(1):1–25.

Article  Google Scholar 

Vargha A, Delaney HD. A critique and improvement of the CL common language effect size statistics of mcgraw and wong. J Educ Behav Stat. 2000;25(2):101–32.

Google Scholar 

Lobo-Valbuena B, Gordo F, Abella A, Garcia-Manzanedo S, Garcia-Arias MM, Torrejón I, et al. Risk factors associated with the development of delirium in general ICU patients. A Prospective Observ Study PLoS One. 2021;16(9): e0255522.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

van den Boogaard M, Schoonhoven L, Evers AW, van der Hoeven JG, van Achterberg T, Pickkers P. Delirium in critically ill patients: impact on long-term health-related quality of life and cognitive functioning. Crit Care Med. 2012;40(1):112–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar