Sacco RL, Roth GA, Reddy KS, Arnett DK, Bonita R, Gaziano TA, Heidenreich PA, Huffman MD, Mayosi BM, Mendis S, et al. The heart of 25 by 25: achieving the goal of reducing global and regional premature deaths from cardiovascular diseases and stroke: a modeling study from the American Heart Association and World Heart Federation. Circulation. 2016;133(23):e674–90.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhao D, Liu J, Wang M, Zhang X, Zhou M. Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in China: current features and implications. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2019;16(4):203–12.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhou M, Wang H, Zhu J, Chen W, Wang L, Liu S, Li Y, Wang L, Liu Y, Yin P, et al. Cause-specific mortality for 240 causes in China during 1990–2013: a systematic subnational analysis for the global burden of disease study 2013. Lancet. 2016;387(10015):251–72.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE Jr, Collins KJ, Dennison Himmelfarb C, DePalma SM, Gidding S, Jamerson KA, Jones DW, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2018;138(17):e426–83.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim JA, Montagnani M, Koh KK, Quon MJ. Reciprocal relationships between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction: molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms. Circulation. 2006;113(15):1888–904.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ormazabal V, Nair S, Elfeky O, Aguayo C, Salomon C, Zuñiga FA. Association between insulin resistance and the development of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018;17(1):122.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Modan M, Halkin H, Almog S, Lusky A, Eshkol A, Shefi M, Shitrit A, Fuchs Z. Hyperinsulinemia. A link between hypertension obesity and glucose intolerance. J Clin Invest. 1985;75(3):809–17.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rochette L, Lorin J, Zeller M, Guilland JC, Lorgis L, Cottin Y, Vergely C. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition and oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases: possible therapeutic targets? Pharmacol Ther. 2013;140(3):239–57.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Artunc F, Schleicher E, Weigert C, Fritsche A, Stefan N, Häring HU. The impact of insulin resistance on the kidney and vasculature. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2016;12(12):721–37.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Simental-Mendía LE, Rodríguez-Morán M, Guerrero-Romero F. The product of fasting glucose and triglycerides as surrogate for identifying insulin resistance in apparently healthy subjects. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2008;6(4):299–304.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li J, Dong Z, Wu H, Liu Y, Chen Y, Li S, Zhang Y, Qi X, Wei L. The triglyceride-glucose index is associated with atherosclerosis in patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease, regardless of diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidaemia. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22(1):224.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huang Z, Ding X, Yue Q, Wang X, Chen Z, Cai Z, Li W, Cai Z, Chen G, Lan Y, et al. Triglyceride-glucose index trajectory and stroke incidence in patients with hypertension: a prospective cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21(1):141.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lan Y, Chen G, Wu D, Ding X, Huang Z, Wang X, Balmer L, Li X, Song M, Wang W, et al. Temporal relationship between atherogenic dyslipidemia and inflammation and their joint cumulative effect on type 2 diabetes onset: a longitudinal cohort study. BMC Med. 2023;21(1):31.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yuan Y, Liu K, Zheng M, Chen S, Wang H, Jiang Q, Xiao Y, Zhou L, Liu X, Yu Y, et al. Analysis of changes in weight, waist circumference, or both, and all-cause mortality in Chinese adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(8):e2225876.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT Jr, et al. The seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289(19):2560–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fox CS, Golden SH, Anderson C, Bray GA, Burke LE, de Boer IH, Deedwania P, Eckel RH, Ershow AG, Fradkin J, et al. Update on prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in light of recent evidence: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(9):1777–803.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Zhang YL, Castro AF III, Feldman HI, Kusek JW, Eggers P, Van Lente F, Greene T, et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(9):604–12.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li H, Zuo Y, Qian F, Chen S, Tian X, Wang P, Li X, Guo X, Wu S, Wang A. Triglyceride-glucose index variability and incident cardiovascular disease: a prospective cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21(1):105.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang C, Yuan Y, Zheng M, Pan A, Wang M, Zhao M, Li Y, Yao S, Chen S, Wu S, et al. Association of age of onset of hypertension with cardiovascular diseases and mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(23):2921–30.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zheng M, Zhang X, Chen S, Song Y, Zhao Q, Gao X, Wu S. Arterial stiffness preceding diabetes: a longitudinal study. Circ Res. 2020;127(12):1491–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee DH, Park JE, Kim SY, Jeon HJ, Park JH. Association between the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and increased blood pressure in normotensive subjects: a population-based study. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2022;14(1):161.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gao Q, Lin Y, Xu R, Luo F, Chen R, Li P, Zhang Y, Liu J, Deng Z, Li Y, et al. Positive association of triglyceride-glucose index with new-onset hypertension among adults: a national cohort study in China. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22(1):58.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arkan MC, Hevener AL, Greten FR, Maeda S, Li ZW, Long JM, Wynshaw-Boris A, Poli G, Olefsky J, Karin M. IKK-beta links inflammation to obesity-induced insulin resistance. Nat Med. 2005;11(2):191–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Karaca Ü, Schram MT, Houben AJ, Muris DM, Stehouwer CD. Microvascular dysfunction as a link between obesity, insulin resistance and hypertension. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014;103(3):382–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chapman MJ, Sposito AC. Hypertension and dyslipidaemia in obesity and insulin resistance: pathophysiology, impact on atherosclerotic disease and pharmacotherapy. Pharmacol Ther. 2008;117(3):354–73.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kubota N, Terauchi Y, Yamauchi T, Kubota T, Moroi M, Matsui J, Eto K, Yamashita T, Kamon J, Satoh H, et al. Disruption of adiponectin causes insulin resistance and neointimal formation. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(29):25863–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sarzani R, Salvi F, Dessì-Fulgheri P, Rappelli A. Renin-angiotensin system, natriuretic peptides, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and hypertension: an integrated view in humans. J Hypertens. 2008;26(5):831–43.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tuck ML. Obesity, the sympathetic nervous system, and essential hypertension. Hypertension. 1992;19(1 Suppl):I67-77.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Serné EH, Gans RO, ter Maaten JC, ter Wee PM, Donker AJ, Stehouwer CD. Capillary recruitment is impaired in essential hypertension and relates to insulin’s metabolic and vascular actions. Cardiovasc Res. 2001;49(1):161–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Park CW, Kim HW, Lim JH, Yoo KD, Chung S, Shin SJ, Chung HW, Lee SJ, Chae CB, Kim YS, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor inhibition by dRK6 causes endothelial apoptosis, fibrosis, and inflammation in the heart via the Akt/eNOS axis in db/db mice. Diabetes. 2009;58(11):2666–76.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Johansson SM, Lindgren E, Yang JN, Herling AW, Fredholm BB. Adenosine A1 receptors regulate lipolysis and lipogenesis in mouse adipose tissue-interactions with insulin. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008;597(1–3):92–101.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jian S, Su-Mei N, Xue C, Jie Z, Xue-Sen W. Association and interaction between triglyceride-glucose index and obesity on risk of hypertension in middle-aged and elderly adults. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2017;39(8):732–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhu B, Wang J, Chen K, Yan W, Wang A, Wang W, Gao Z, Tang X, Yan L, Wan Q, et al. A high triglyceride glucose index is more closely associated with hypertension than lipid or glycemic parameters in elderly individuals: a cross-sectional survey from the reaction study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020;19(1):112.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yan Y, Li S, Liu Y, Bazzano L, He J, Mi J, Chen W. Temporal relationship between inflammation and insulin resistance and their joint effect on hyperglycemia: the Bogalusa heart study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2019;18(1):109.

Article  PubMed