Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–49.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bray F, Laversanne M, Weiderpass E, Soerjomataram I. The ever-increasing importance of cancer as a leading cause of premature death worldwide. Cancer. 2021;127(16):3029–30.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A: Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018.

Castellsagué X, Alemany L, Quer M, Halec G, Quirós B, Tous S, Clavero O, Alòs L, Biegner T, Szafarowski T, et al. HPV involvement in head and neck cancers: comprehensive assessment of biomarkers in 3680 patients. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2016;108(6):djv403.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bouvard V, Baan R, Straif K, Grosse Y, Secretan B, Ghissassi FE, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Guha N, Freeman C, Galichet L, et al. A review of human carcinogens—Part B: biological agents. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10(4):321–2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Burd EM. Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003;16(1):1–17.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

de Martel C, Georges D, Bray F, Ferlay J, Clifford GM. Global burden of cancer attributable to infections in 2018: a worldwide incidence analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;8(2):e180–90.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kreimer AR, Chaturvedi AK, Alemany L, Anantharaman D, Bray F, Carrington M, Doorbar J, D’Souza G, Fakhry C, Ferris RL, et al. Summary from an international cancer seminar focused on human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive oropharynx cancer, convened by scientists at IARC and NCI. Oral Oncol. 2020;108:104736.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lydiatt WM, Patel SG, O'Sullivan B, Brandwein MS, Ridge JA, Migliacci JC, Loomis AM, Shah JP. Head and neck cancers-major changes in the American Joint Committee on cancer eighth edition cancer staging manual. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017;67(2), 122–137.

Yap LF, Lai SL, Rhodes A, Sathasivam HP, Abdullah MA, Pua KC, Rajadurai P, Cheah PL, Thavaraj S, Robinson M, et al. Clinico-pathological features of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas in Malaysia with reference to HPV infection. Infect Agent Cancer. 2018;13:21.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Singhi AD, Westra WH. Comparison of human papillomavirus in situ hybridization and p16 immunohistochemistry in the detection of human papillomavirus-associated head and neck cancer based on a prospective clinical experience. Cancer. 2010;116(9):2166–73.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board. Head and neck tumours [Internet; beta version ahead of print]. In: Vol. 9, 5th edn. Lyon (France): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2022.

Parsons M, Grabsch H. How to make tissue microarrays. Diagn Histopathol. 2009;15(3):142–50.

Article  Google Scholar 

Malaysian National Cancer Registry Report 2007–2011. In. Putrajaya, Malaysia: National Cancer Institute, Ministry of Health, Malaysia; 2016.

Malaysian National Cancer Registry Report 2012–2016. In. Putrajaya, Malaysia: National Cancer Institute, Ministry of Health, Malaysia; 2020.

Fu EWZ, Chilagondanahalli N, Bundele MM, Gan JY, Li H, Lim MY. Trends in HPV-related oropharyngeal cancers in Singapore. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2021;50(6):508–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tan LS, Fredrik P, Ker L, Yu FG, Wang Y, Goh BC, Loh KS, Lim CM. High-risk HPV genotypes and P16INK4a expression in a cohort of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients in Singapore. Oncotarget. 2016;7(52):86730–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ni G, Huang K, Luan Y, Cao Z, Chen S, Ma B, Yuan J, Wu X, Chen G, Wang T, et al. Human papillomavirus infection among head and neck squamous cell carcinomas in southern China. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(9):e0221045.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jun HW, Ji YB, Song CM, Myung JK, Park HJ, Tae K. Positive rate of human papillomavirus and its trend in head and neck cancer in South Korea. Front Surg. 2021;8:833048.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hama T, Tokumaru Y, Fujii M, Yane K, Okami K, Kato K, Masuda M, Mineta H, Nakashima T, Sugasawa M, et al. Prevalence of human papillomavirus in oropharyngeal cancer: a multicenter study in Japan. Oncology. 2014;87(3):173–82.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nauta IH, Rietbergen MM, van Bokhoven AAJD, Bloemena E, Lissenberg-Witte BI, Heideman DAM, Baatenburg de Jong RJ, Brakenhoff RH, Leemans CR. Evaluation of the eighth TNM classification on p16-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas in the Netherlands and the importance of additional HPV DNA testing. Ann Oncol. 2018;29(5):1273–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sathasivam HP, Santambrogio A, Andoniadou CL, Robinson M, Thavaraj S. Prognostic utility of HPV specific testing in addition to p16 immunohistochemistry in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2018;29(10):2144–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mirghani H, Amen F, Moreau F, Guigay J, Ferchiou M, Melkane AE, Hartl DM, Lacau St Guily J. Human papilloma virus testing in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: what the clinician should know. Oral Oncol. 2014;50(1):1–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mirghani H, Casiraghi O, Amen F, He M, Ma X-J, Saulnier P, Lacroix L, Drusch F, Ben Lakdhar A, Saint Guily JL, et al. Diagnosis of HPV-driven head and neck cancer with a single test in routine clinical practice. Mod Pathol. 2015;28(12):1518–27.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thavaraj S, Stokes A, Guerra E, Bible J, Halligan E, Long A, Okpokam A, Sloan P, Odell E, Robinson M. Evaluation of human papillomavirus testing for squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil in clinical practice. J Clin Pathol. 2011;64(4):308–12.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Robinson M, Schache A, Sloan P, Thavaraj S. HPV specific testing: a requirement for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients. Head Neck Pathol. 2012;6 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S83-90.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Craig SG, Anderson LA, Schache AG, Moran M, Graham L, Currie K, Rooney K, Robinson M, Upile NS, Brooker R, et al. Recommendations for determining HPV status in patients with oropharyngeal cancers under TNM8 guidelines: a two-tier approach. Br J Cancer. 2019;120(8):827–33.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rettig EM, Zaidi M, Faraji F, Eisele DW, El Asmar M, Fung N, D’Souza G, Fakhry C. Oropharyngeal cancer is no longer a disease of younger patients and the prognostic advantage of Human Papillomavirus is attenuated among older patients: analysis of the National Cancer Database. Oral Oncol. 2018;83:147–53.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Del Mistro A, Frayle H, Menegaldo A, Favaretto N, Gori S, Nicolai P, Spinato G, Romeo S, Tirelli G, da Mosto MC, et al. Age-independent increasing prevalence of Human Papillomavirus-driven oropharyngeal carcinomas in North-East Italy. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):9320.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rettig EM, Fakhry C, Khararjian A, Westra WH. Age profile of patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018;144(6):538–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Windon MJ, D’Souza G, Rettig EM, Westra WH, van Zante A, Wang SJ, Ryan WR, Mydlarz WK, Ha PK, Miles BA, et al. Increasing prevalence of human papillomavirus-positive oropharyngeal cancers among older adults. Cancer. 2018;124(14):2993–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

D’Souza G, Kreimer AR, Viscidi R, Pawlita M, Fakhry C, Koch WM, Westra WH, Gillison ML. Case-control study of human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(19):1944–56.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gillison ML, D’Souza G, Westra W, Sugar E, Xiao W, Begum S, Viscidi R. Distinct risk factor profiles for human papillomavirus type 16-positive and human papillomavirus type 16-negative head and neck cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100(6):407–20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sathasivam HP, Bhatia R, Bradley P, Robson A, Paleri V, Cocks H, Oozeer N, Milne D, Sloan P, Robinson M. Concurrent HPV-related oropharyngeal carcinoma in four couples. Oral Oncol. 2018;86:33–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Haddad R, Crum C, Chen Z, Krane J, Posner M, Li Y, Burk R. HPV16 transmission between a couple with HPV-related head and neck cancer. Oral Oncol. 2008;44(8):812–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ang KK, Harris J, Wheeler R, Weber R, Rosenthal DI, Nguyen-Tân PF, Westra WH, Chung CH, Jordan RC, Lu C, et al. Human papillomavirus and survival of patients with oropharyngeal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(1):24–35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fakhry C, Westra WH, Wang SJ, van Zante A, Zhang Y, Rettig E, Yin LX, Ryan WR, Ha PK, Wentz A, et al. The prognostic role of sex, race, and human papillomavirus in oropharyngeal and nonoropharyngeal head and neck squamous cell cancer. Cancer. 2017;123(9):1566–75.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fakhry C, Westra WH, Li S, Cmelak A, Ridge JA, Pinto H, Forastiere A, Gillison ML. Improved survival of patients with human papillomavirus-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in a prospective clinical trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100(4):261–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Weiss BG, Anczykowski MZ, Küffer S, Spiegel JL, Bertlich M, Canis M, Ihler F, Kitz J, Jakob M. Prognostic impact of additional HPV diagnostics in 102 patients with p16-stratified advanced oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2021;278(6):1983–2000.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar