Antezana L, Factor RS, Condy EE, Strege MV, Scarpa A, Richey JA. Gender differences in restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests in youth with autism. Autism Res Off J Int Soc Autism Res. 2019;12(2):274–83. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2049.

Article  Google Scholar 

Beggiato A, Peyre H, Maruani A, Scheid I, Rastam M, Amsellem F, Gillberg CI, Leboyer M, Bourgeron T, Gillberg C, Delorme R. Gender differences in autism spectrum disorders: divergence among specific core symptoms. Autism Res Off J Int Soc Autism Res. 2017;10(4):680–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1715.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bellani M, Calderoni S, Muratori F, Brambilla P. Brain anatomy of autism spectrum disorders I. Focus on corpus callosum. Epidemiol Psychiatric Sci. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796013000139.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bey AL, Wang X, Yan H, Kim N, Passman RL, Yang Y, Cao X, Towers AJ, Hulbert SW, Duffney LJ, Gaidis E, Rodriguiz RM, Wetsel WC, Yin HH, Jiang Y. Brain region-specific disruption of Shank3 in mice reveals a dissociation for cortical and striatal circuits in autism-related behaviors. Transl Psychiatry. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-018-0142-6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bischoff-Grethe A, Ozyurt IB, Busa E, Quinn BT, Fennema-Notestine C, Clark CP, Morris S, Bondi MW, Jernigan TL, Dale AM, Brown GG, Fischl B. A technique for the deidentification of structural brain MR images. Hum Brain Mapp. 2007;28(9):892–903. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20312.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Boedhoe PSW, Schmaal L, Abe Y, Alonso P, Ameis SH, Anticevic A, Arnold PD, Batistuzzo MC, Benedetti F, Beucke JC, Bollettini I, Bose A, Brem S, Calvo A, Calvo R, Cheng Y, Cho KIK, Ciullo V, Dallaspezia S, ENIGMA OCD Working Group. Cortical abnormalities associated with pediatric and adult obsessive-compulsive disorder: findings from the ENIGMA obsessive-compulsive disorder working group. Am J Psychiatry. 2018;175(5):453–62. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17050485.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boedhoe PSW, Schmaal L, Abe Y, Ameis SH, Arnold PD, Batistuzzo MC, Benedetti F, Beucke JC, Bollettini I, Bose A, Brem S, Calvo A, Cheng Y, Cho KIK, Dallaspezia S, Denys D, Fitzgerald KD, Fouche J-P, Giménez M, van den Heuvel OA. Distinct subcortical volume alterations in pediatric and adult OCD: a worldwide meta- and mega-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2017;174(1):60–9. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16020201.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bora E. Meta-analysis of neurocognitive deficits in unaffected relatives of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): comparison with healthy controls and patients with OCD. Psychol Med. 2020;50(8):1257–66. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720001634.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bowen Z, Changlian T, Qian L, Wanrong P, Huihui Y, Zhaoxia L, Feng L, Jinyu L, Xiongzhao Z, Mingtian Z. Gray matter abnormalities of orbitofrontal cortex and striatum in drug-naïve adult patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Front Psych. 2021;12:674568. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.674568.

Article  Google Scholar 

Boyd BA, McBee M, Holtzclaw T, Baranek GT, Bodfish JW. Relationships among repetitive behaviors, sensory features, and executive functions in high functioning autism. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2009;3(4):959–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2009.05.003.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bragdon LB, Gibb BE, Coles ME. Does neuropsychological performance in OCD relate to different symptoms? A meta-analysis comparing the symmetry and obsessing dimensions. Depress Anxiety. 2018;35(8):761–74. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22785.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Casado-Sainz A, Gudmundsen F, Baerentzen SL, Lange D, Ringsted A, Martinez-Tejada I, Medina S, Lee H, Svarer C, Keller SH, Schain M, Kjaerby C, Fisher PM, Cumming P, Palner M. Dorsal striatal dopamine induces fronto-cortical hypoactivity and attenuates anxiety and compulsive behaviors in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-021-01207-y.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chaxiong P, Dimian AF, Wolff JJ. Restricted and repetitive behavior in children with autism during the first three years of life: a systematic review. Front Psychol. 2022;13:986876. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.986876.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Constantino JN. Social responsiveness scale. In: Volkmar FR, editor. Encyclopedia of autism spectrum disorders. Springer; 2013. p. 2919–29.

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Dajani DR, Uddin LQ. Demystifying cognitive flexibility: Implications for clinical and developmental neuroscience. Trends Neurosci. 2015;38(9):571–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2015.07.003.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Darrow SM, Hirschtritt ME, Davis LK, Illmann C, Osiecki L, Grados M, Sandor P, Dion Y, King R, Pauls D, Budman CL, Cath DC, Greenberg E, Lyon GJ, Yu D, McGrath LM, McMahon WM, Lee PC, Delucchi KL, Tourette Syndrome Association International Consortium for Genetics. Identification of two heritable cross-disorder endophenotypes for tourette syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 2017;174(4):387–96. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16020240.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Delorme R, Goussé V, Roy I, Trandafir A, Mathieu F, Mouren-Siméoni M-C, Betancur C, Leboyer M. Shared executive dysfunctions in unaffected relatives of patients with autism and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eur Psychiatry. 2007;22(1):32–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2006.05.002.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Evans DW, Uljarević M, Lusk LG, Loth E, Frazier T. Development of two dimensional measures of restricted and repetitive behavior in parents and children. J Am Acad Child Adolescent Psychiatry. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2016.10.014.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ferhat A-T, Verpy E, Biton A, Forget B, De Chaumont F, Mueller F, Le Sourd A-M, Coqueran S, Schmitt J, Rochefort C, Rondi-Reig L, Leboucher A, Boland A, Fin B, Deleuze J-F, Boeckers TM, Ey E, Bourgeron T. Excessive self-grooming, gene dysregulation and imbalance between the striosome and matrix compartments in the striatum of Shank3 mutant mice. Front Mol Neurosci. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2023.1139118.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fouche J-P, et al. Cortical thickness in obsessive-compulsive disorder: multisite mega-analysis of 780 brain scans from six centres. Br J Psychiatry J Mental Sci. 2017;210(1):67–74. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.115.164020.

Article  Google Scholar 

Frazier TW, Georgiades S, Bishop SL, Hardan AY. Behavioral and cognitive characteristics of females and males with autism in the simons simplex collection. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014;53(3):329–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.12.004.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gandhi T, Lee CC. Neural mechanisms underlying repetitive behaviors in rodent models of autism spectrum disorders. Front Cell Neurosci. 2021;14:463. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2020.592710.

Article  Google Scholar 

Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, Mazure C, Fleischmann RL, Hill CL, Heninger GR, Charney DS. The yale-brown obsessive compulsive scale: I. Development, use, and reliability. Archiv General Psychiatry. 1989;46(11):1006–11. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Grassi G, Cecchelli C, Mazzocato G, Vignozzi L. Early onset obsessive–compulsive disorder: the biological and clinical phenotype. CNS Spectr. 2022;27(4):421–7. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852921000122.

Article  Google Scholar 

Greimel E, Nehrkorn B, Schulte-Rüther M, Fink GR, Nickl-Jockschat T, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Konrad K, Eickhoff SB. Changes in grey matter development in autism spectrum disorder. Brain Struct Funct. 2013;218(4):929–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-012-0439-9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gruner P, Pittenger C. Cognitive inflexibility in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuroscience. 2017;345:243–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.07.030.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Herten A, Konrad K, Krinzinger H, Seitz J, von Polier GG. Accuracy and bias of automatic hippocampal segmentation in children and adolescents. Brain Struct Funct. 2019;224(2):795–810. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-018-1802-2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van den Heuvel OA, et al. An overview of the first 5 years of the ENIGMA obsessive–compulsive disorder working group: The power of worldwide collaboration. Hum Brain Mapp. 2022;43(1):23–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24972.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hollander E, King A, Delaney K, Smith CJ, Silverman JM. Obsessive–compulsive behaviors in parents of multiplex autism families. Psychiatry Res. 2003;117(1):11–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1781(02)00304-9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Iversen RK, Lewis C. Executive function skills are linked to restricted and repetitive behaviors: three correlational meta analyses. Autism Res Off J Int Soc Autism Res. 2021;14(6):1163–85. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2468.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jayakar R, Tone EB, Crosson B, Turner JA, Anderson PL, Phan KL, Klumpp H. Amygdala volume and social anxiety symptom severity: does segmentation technique matter? Psychiatry Res Neuroimag. 2020;295:111006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2019.111006.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jiujias M, Kelley E, Hall L. Restricted, repetitive behaviors in autism spectrum disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a comparative review. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2017;48(6):944–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-017-0717-0.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kaufman J, et al. K-SADS-PL. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;39(10):1208.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kong X-Z, Boedhoe PSW, Abe Y, Alonso P, Ameis SH, Arnold PD, Assogna F, Baker JT, Batistuzzo MC, Benedetti F, Beucke JC, Bollettini I, Bose A, Brem S, Brennan BP, Buitelaar J, Calvo R, Cheng Y, Cho KIK, Francks C. Mapping cortical and subcortical asymmetry in obsessive-compulsive disorder: findings from the ENIGMA consortium. Biol Psychiatry. 2020;87(12):1022–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.04.022.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lam KSL, Aman MG. The repetitive behavior scale-revised: independent validation in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2007;37(5):855–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0213-z.

Article  PubMed