Ballard C, Rowan E, Stephens S, Kalaria R, Kenny RA (2003) Prospective follow-up study between 3 and 15 months after stroke: improvements and decline in cognitive function among dementia-free stroke survivors > 75 years of age. Stroke 34:2440–2444

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bouët V, Freret T, Divoux Toutainj, Boulouard D, M., Schumann-Bard P (2007) Sensorimotor and cognitive deficits after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in the mouse. Exp Neurol 203:555–567

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bourne J, Harris KM (2007) Do thin spines learn to be mushroom spines that remember? Curr Opin Neurobiol 17:381–386

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bourne JN, Harris KM (2008) Balancing structure and function at hippocampal dendritic spines. Annu Rev Neurosci 31:47–67

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brem A-K, Ran K, Pascual-Leone A (2013) Learning and memory. Handbook of clinical neurology. Elsevier

Brown CE, Wong C, Murphy TH (2008) Rapid morphologic plasticity of peri-infarct dendritic spines after focal ischemic stroke. Stroke 39:1286–1291

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cao XQ, Arai H, Oizumi Renyr, Zhang H, Furuya Nseikes, Yasuda T, Mizuno T, Y., Mochizuki H (2006) Recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor protects against MPTP‐induced dopaminergic cell death in mice by altering Bcl‐2/Bax expression levels. J Neurochem 99:861–867

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen X, Xu Duy-M, Liu F, D., Wang Y-L (2016) Propofol prevents hippocampal neuronal loss and memory impairment in cerebral ischemia injury through promoting pten degradation. J Mol Neurosci 60:63–70

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen X, Jiang X-M, Zhao L-J, Tian Sunl-Lyanm-L, Zhang Y, Duan S, Zhao M-J, H.-M., LI W-R (2017) MicroRNA-195 prevents dendritic degeneration and neuron death in rats following chronic brain hypoperfusion. Cell Death Dis 8:e2850

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Das Nair R, Lincoln N (2007) Cognitive rehabilitation for memory deficits following stroke. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 3, CD0022/1-CD0022/21

Delattre C, Bournonville C, Auger F, Lopes R, Delmaire C, Henon H, Bombois Mendyka, S., Devedjian, J., Leys D (2018) Hippocampal deformations and entorhinal cortex atrophy as an anatomical signature of long-term cognitive impairment: from the MCAO Rat Model to the stroke patient. Translational Stroke Research 9:294–305

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Diederich K, Sevimli S, DöRr H, KöSters E, Hoppen M, Klocke Lewejohannl, Knecht Rminnerupj, S., Nikol S (2009) The role of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in the healthy brain: a characterization of G-CSF-deficient mice. J Neurosci 29:11572–11581

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Donnan GA, Davis SM (2008) Breaking the 3 h barrier for treatment of acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet Neurol 7:981–982

PubMed  Google Scholar 

England TJ, Gibson CL, Bath PM (2009) Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in experimental stroke and its effects on infarct size and functional outcome: a systematic review. Brain Res Rev 62:71–82

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

England TJ, Abaei M, Lowe Auerdp, Jones J, Walker Dresareg, M., Bath PM (2012) Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor for mobilizing bone marrow stem cells in subacute stroke: the stem cell trial of recovery enhancement after stroke 2 randomized controlled trial. Stroke 43:405–411

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fiala JC, Spacek J, Harris KM (2002) Dendritic spine pathology: cause or consequence of neurological disorders? Brain Res Rev 39:29–54

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Firouzjaei MA, Eskandari Jafarimr, Anarkoli M, I. J., Alipour M (2014) Aminoguanidine changes hippocampal expression of apoptosis-related genes, improves passive avoidance learning and memory in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 34:343–350

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Frauenknecht K, Diederich K, Leukel P, Bauer H, SchäBitz, W.-R., Sommer, C. J., Minnerup J (2016) Functional improvement after photothrombotic stroke in rats is associated with different patterns of dendritic plasticity after G-CSF treatment and G-CSF treatment combined with concomitant or sequential constraint-induced movement therapy. PLoS ONE 11:e0146679

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gillani RL (2011) The role of Nogo-A in memory and neuronal plasticity in the aged rodent brain

Gillani RL, Wallace Tsais-Y, O’Brien DG, Arhebamen TE, Tole E, M., Schwab, M. E., Kartje GL (2010) Cognitive recovery in the aged rat after stroke and anti-nogo-a immunotherapy. Behav Brain Res 208:415–424

PubMed  Google Scholar 

GonzáLez-Burgos I, LetechipíA-Vallejo G, LÓPez-Loeza E, MoralÍ G, Cervantes M (2007) Long-term study of dendritic spines from hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells, after neuroprotective melatonin treatment following global cerebral ischemia in rats. Neurosci Lett 423:162–166

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Griva M, Touloumi Lagoudakir, Karalis Onousiopouloue, Georgiou F, Simeonidou Tkokarakig, C., Tata, D. A., Spandou E (2017) Long-term effects of enriched environment following neonatal hypoxia-ischemia on behavior, BDNF and synaptophysin levels in rat hippocampus: effect of combined treatment with G-CSF. Brain Res 1667:55–67

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hacke W, Donnan G, Fieschi C, Kaste M, Brott Broderickj, Frankel T, M., Grotta, J., Haley, J. E., Kwiatkowski T (2004) Association of outcome with early stroke treatment: pooled analysis of ATLANTIS, ECASS, and NINDS rt-PA stroke trials

Hartle KD, Jeffers, M. S., Ivanco TL (2010) Changes in dendritic morphology and spine density in motor cortex of the adult rat after stroke during infancy. Synapse 64:602–610

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hattori K, Lee H, Traystman Hurnpdcrainbj, R. J., Devries AC (2000) Cognitive deficits after focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Stroke 31:1939–1944

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jia H, Zhang XM, Zhang BA, Liu Y, Li JM (2012) Dendritic morphology of neurons in medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in 2VO rats. Neurol Sci 33:1063–1070

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Karimian N, Neshat Asgarik, Doost HT, Oreizi HR, Najafi MR (2018) Investigating patterns of memory impairment in ischemic stroke in an iranian population. Appl Neuropsychology: Adult 25:458–463

Google Scholar 

Komine-Kobayashi M, Zhang N, Hara Liumtanakar, Mochizuki Hosakaa, Mizuno H, Y., Urabe T (2006) Neuroprotective effect of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in transient focal ischemia of mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabolism 26:402–413

CAS  Google Scholar 

Krieger M, Both M, Pitzer Kranigsa, Klugmann C, Draguhn Mvogtg, A., Schneider A (2012) The hematopoietic cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor is important for cognitive functions. Sci Rep 2:697

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kutzing MK, Luo Langhammercg, Lakdawala V, H., Firestein BL (2010) Automated Sholl analysis of digitized neuronal morphology at multiple scales. J Visualized Experiments: JoVE.

Mcallister AK (2000) Cellular and molecular mechanisms of dendrite growth. Cereb Cortex 10:963–973

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mcewen BS (2001) Plasticity of the hippocampus: adaptation to chronic stress and allostatic load. Ann N Y Acad Sci 933:265–277

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Minnerup J, Rogalewski Heidrichjwellmannjr, Schneider A, A., SchäBitz W-RD (2008) Meta-analysis of the efficacy of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in animal models of focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke 39:1855–1861

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Minnerup J, Sevimli S, SchäBitz W-R (2009) Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor for stroke treatment: mechanisms of action and efficacy in preclinical studies. Experimental & Translational Stroke Medicine 1:1–6

Google Scholar 

Neigh GN, Traystman Glaspererkoflerj, Bachstetter Rjmervisrf, A., Devries AC (2004) Cardiac arrest with cardiopulmonary resuscitation reduces dendritic spine density in CA1 pyramidal cells and selectively alters acquisition of spatial memory. Eur J Neurosci 20:1865–1872

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nimchinsky EA, Oberlander AM, Svoboda K (2001) Abnormal development of dendritic spines inFMR1 knock-out mice. J Neurosci 21:5139–5146

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K (2002) Structure and function of dendritic spines. Annu Rev Physiol 64:313–353

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pokorný J, Trojan S (1983) Chronic changes in the receptive field of the pyramidal cells of the rat hippocampus after intermittent postnatal hypoxia. Physiologia Bohemoslovaca 32:393–402

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rezvani-Kamran A, Salehi I, Shahidi S, Zarei M, Moradkhani S, Komaki A (2017) Effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Rosa damascena on learning and memory in male rats consuming a high-fat diet. Pharm Biol 55:2065–2073

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rossi KC, Wilson Liangjw, N., Tuhrim, S., Dhamoon MS (2017) More time is taken to administer tissue plasminogen activator in ischemic stroke patients with earlier presentations. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 26:70–73

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Salari E, Baloochi M, Shamsizedeh A, Ayoobi F, Allahtavakoli M, Taghavi Y, Ravari A (2014) Effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of pistachio on avoidance learning in male Wistar rats

SchäBitz W-R, Schneider A (2007) New targets for established proteins: exploring G-CSF for the treatment of stroke. Trends Pharmacol Sci 28:157–161

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schneider A, Kuhn, H.-G., SchäBitz W-R (2005) Review a role for G-CSF (granulocyte-Colony stimulating factor) in the central nervous system. Cell Cycle 4:1753–1757

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shahjouei S, Ansari Caipy, Sharififar S, Azari S, Ganji H, S., Zand R (2016) Middle cerebral artery occlusion model of stroke in rodents: a step-by-step approach. J Vasc Interv Neurol 8:1

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shih P-C, Yang Y-R, Wang R-Y (2013) Effects of exercise intensity on spatial memory performance and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in transient brain ischemic rats. PLoS ONE 8:e78163

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Smith K, Alkuwaiti M, Bell C, Lindsay D, Heyer A, Reshi R, Ezzeddine M, Streib C (2017) Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage after IV tPA for Acute ischemic stroke patients with relative contraindications to treatment (P4. 267). Neurology 88:P4

Google Scholar 

Smitha J, Roopa R (2012) Rapid golgi technique for staining pyramidal neurons in rat hippocampus. IJBAMS 2:98–102

Google Scholar 

Solaroglu I, Jadhav V, Zhang JH (2007) Neuroprotective effect of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor. Front Biosci 12:e24

Google Scholar 

Song S, Kong X, Acosta S, Sava V, Borlongan C, Sanchez-Ramos J (2016) Granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor promotes behavioral recovery in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci Res 94:409–423

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tada T, Sheng M (2006) Molecular mechanisms of dendritic spine morphogenesis. Curr Opin Neurobiol 16:95–101

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar