Center for Research On Health Care, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Bryant Shuey MD, MPH, Katie J. Suda PharmD, MS, FCCP, Ann-Marie Rosland MD, MS & Jane M. Liebschutz MD, MPH

Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Katie J. Suda PharmD, MS, FCCP & Ann-Marie Rosland MD, MS

Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA

Alyssa Halbisen MPH & Hefei Wen PhD

Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA

James Frank Wharam MD, MPH

Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA

James Frank Wharam MD, MPH

Dr. Shuey had full access to study data and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data. All authors contributed to and approved this manuscript.